what was the louvre before it was a museum

In the Rotonde d'Apollon, a carved marble panel lists a number of such campaigns, led by: The rest of the plaque combines donors of archaeological items, many of whom were archaeologists themselves, and other archaeologists whose excavations contributed to the Louvre's collections: Several museums in and outside France have been or are placed under the Louvre's administrative authority or linked to it through exclusive partnerships, while not being located in the Louvre Palace. Situated in Paris on the bank of the Seine, the Louvre was originally built by Philip II between the 12th and 13th centuries. The Italian holdings are notable, particularly the Renaissance collection. In 1819 an exhibition of manufactured products was opened in the first floor of the Cour Carre's southern wing and would stay there until the mid-1820s. [33][13]:69[37] In 1815 Louis XVIII finally concluded agreements with the Austrian government[38][39] for the keeping of works such as Veronese's Wedding at Cana which was exchanged for a large Le Brun or the repurchase of the Albani collection. But those days may soon be gone thanks to confirmation from the museum that it has been limitingand will continue to limitdaily visitors to 30,000. 9. From 2006 to 2009, the Louvre lent artwork to the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia, and received a $6.9million payment to be used for renovations. [71][13]:119 These finds formed the basis of the Assyrian museum, the precursor to today's department. Before it was an art museum, the Louvre was a royal palace. The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace, originally built in the late 12th to 13thcentury under PhilipII. [13]:92[98] The department opened on 5 August 1797, with 415pieces displayed in the Galerie d'Apollon. Hence the museum remained incomplete until the French Revolution. The New Kingdom and Coptic Egyptian sections are deep, but the statue of the goddess Nephthys and the limestone depiction of the goddess Hathor demonstrate New Kingdom sentiment and wealth. [32]:87 Charles X in 1826 created the Muse gyptien and in 1827 included it in his broader Muse Charles X, a new section of the museum complex located in a suite of lavishly decorated rooms on the first floor of the South Wing of the Cour Carre. By 28 December, the museum was cleared of most works, except those that were too heavy and "unimportant paintings [that] were left in the basement". The Louvre's administrator Denon was loath to comply in absence of a treaty of restitution. [29] On 15 August 1797, the Galerie d'Apollon was opened with an exhibition of drawings. [10]:39 That changed in 1855 when the museum became open to the public all days except Mondays. [130] That affiliation was terminated in 1977. [153][154] In 2014, the Guggenheim's Director, Richard Armstrong, said that he believed that living conditions for the workers at the Louvre project were now good and that "many fewer" of them were having their passports confiscated. The Louvre's Egyptian collection is so packed with wonders; it is hard to pick a favourite. What Was the Louvre Before It Was an Art Museum? [22], The Cabinet du Roi consisted of seven rooms west of the Galerie d'Apollon on the upper floor of the remodeled Petite Galerie. The Louvre's extensive collections of Asian art were moved to the Guimet Museum in 1945. At this point, the museum was given to the Academy of France until the French Revolution. [13]:76-77[71] Pieces from the ancient period include the Gebel el-Arak Knife from 3400BC, The Seated Scribe, and the Head of King Djedefre. In the 14thcentury, CharlesV converted the building from its military role into a residence. [111][112] The 98.5million expansion of the Islamic Art galleries in 2012 received state funding of 31million, as well as 17million from the Alwaleed Bin Talal Foundation founded by the eponymous Saudi prince. [88][13]:199-201, 272-273, 333-335 The collection began with Francis, who acquired works from Italian masters such as Raphael and Michelangelo[89] and brought Leonardo da Vinci to his court. [114][115][116], Iran's National Museum building was designed and constructed by French architect Andr Godard. The third and last main phase of the plan unfolded mainly in 1997, with new renovated rooms in the Sully and Denon wings. The Capitoline Museum was a museum in Rome that opened nearly 60 years before the first Louvre opened in Paris. As a consequence, the works were removed after Louis-Philippe was deposed in 1848, and were eventually auctioned away in 1853. The location offered a lookout and protection for the king, Philip Augustus. In 1681, after the court moved to Versailles, 26 of the paintings were transferred there, somewhat diminishing the collection, but it is mentioned in Paris guide books from 1684 on, and was shown to ambassadors from Siam in 1686. The Louvre has since expanded and now contains over two million pieces of art! The Louvre Palace, which houses the museum, was begun by King Philip II in the late 12th century to protect the city from the attack from the West, as the Kingdom of England still held Normandy at the time. "POV: your [sic] in Paris when the Mona Lisa is stolen," he captioned a video of . [139] The Louvre Abu Dhabi is located on Saadiyat Island and was designed by the French architect Jean Nouvel and engineering firm of Buro Happold. Menu; . Whereas the most iconic collection remained that of paintings in the Grande Galerie, a number of other initiatives mushroomed in the vast building, named as if they were separate museums even though they were generally managed under the same administrative umbrella. The Louvre's ancient art collections are to a significant extent the product of excavations, some of which the museum sponsored under various legal regimes over time, often as a companion to France's diplomacy and/or colonial enterprises. [13]:378[95], The La Caze Collection, a bequest to the Muse du Louvre in 1869 by Louis La Caze, was the largest contribution of a person in the history of the Louvre. Researchers have only now been able to verify with a considerable degree of certainty that the stele contains explicit references to King David. [34] The Horses of Saint Mark, which had adorned the basilica of San Marco in Venice after the sack of Constantinople in 1204, were brought to Paris where they were placed atop Napoleon's Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in 1797. 10. President Jacques Chirac, who had succeeded Mitterrand in 1995, insisted on the return of non-Western art to the Louvre, upon a recommendation from his friend the art collector and dealer Jacques Kerchache[fr]. [17][13]:42[18] For example, four generations of craftsmen-artists from the Boulle family were granted Royal patronage and resided in the Louvre. [14][15] In the 7th century, Burgundofara (also known as Saint Fare), abbess in Meaux, is said to have gifted part of her "Villa called Luvra situated in the region of Paris" to a monastery,[16] even though it is doubtful that this land corresponded exactly to the present site of the Louvre. Select sculptures such as Winged Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo were sent to the Chteau de Valenay. before or after your visit. The Persian portion of Louvre contains work from the archaic period, like the Funerary Head and the Persian Archers of Darius I. The Napoleon Museum was rechristened the Louvre ten years after it was founded in 1803. At the Palace of Fontainebleau, Francis collected art that would later be part of the Louvre's art collections, including Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. In 1947, it became the exhibition space for the Louvre's collections of late 19th and early 20th paintings, most prominently Impressionism, as the Louvre Palace was lacking space to display them, and was consequently brought under direct management by the Louvre's Dpartement des Peintures. A hall was opened by Le Normant de Tournehem and the Marquis de Marigny for public viewing of the "king's paintings" (Tableaux du Roy) on Wednesdays and Saturdays. The Louvre's Name: Expensive", "Art Looted by Nazis Gets a New Space at the Louvre. The Louvre is the biggest and most visited museum in the world. [108] In July 2015, a team led by British firm Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners was selected to design the complex, which will have light-filled work spaces under one vast, green roof. It was built in the 12th century and served as the primary residence of the French kings for centuries. The Louvre Museum Paris is the biggest museum in the world and also the national museum of France. [148], In 2011, over 130 international artists urged a boycott of the new Guggenheim museum as well as Louvre Abu Dhabi, citing reports, since 2009, of abuses of foreign construction workers on Saadiyat Island, including the arbitrary withholding of wages, unsafe working conditions, and failure of companies to pay or reimburse the steep recruitment fees being charged to laborers. The section also covers North African Punic antiquities (Punic = Western Phoenician), given the significant French presence in the region in the 19th century, with early finds including the 1843 discovery of the Ain Nechma inscriptions. and more. [118], On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo da Vinci's death, the Louvre held the largest ever single exhibit of his work, from 24 October 2019 to 24 February 2020. When war was formally declared a year later, most of the museum's paintings were sent there as well. [29][13]:68-69 To expand and organize the collection, the Republic dedicated 100,000livres per year. [13]:119-121[78] The collection contains three pages of the Shahnameh, an epic book of poems by Ferdowsi in Persian, and a Syrian metalwork named the Barberini Vase. In 1850 under the leadership of curator Adrien de Longprier, the muse mexicain opened within the Louvre as the first European museum dedicated to pre-Columbian art. A 30-year agreement, signed in early 2007 by French Culture Minister Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres and Sheik Sultan bin Tahnoon Al Nahyan, establishes that Abu Dhabi shall pay 832,000,000 (US$1.3billion) in exchange for the Louvre name use, managerial advice, art loans, and special exhibitions. [102] By 2006, government funds had dipped from 75percent of the total budget to 62percent. [13]:397-401 The 18th and 19th centuries are represented by the French sculptors like Alfred Barye and mile Guillemin. The two nearest Mtro stations are Louvre-Rivoli and Palais Royal-Muse du Louvre, the latter having a direct underground access to the Carrousel du Louvre commercial mall. Located on the Left Bank of the Seine river, it was originally a royal palace and then a fortress. [145], They were exhibited in 1946 and shown all together to the public during four years (19501954) in order to allow rightful claimants to identify their properties, then stored or displayed, according to their interest, in several French museums including the Louvre. In January 2020, under the direction of Jean-Luc Martinez, the museum inaugurated a new contemporary art commission, L'Onde du Midi by Venezuelan kinetic artist Elias Crespin. [56] In 1972, the Salon Carr's museography was remade with lighting from a hung tubular case, designed by Louvre architect Marc Saltet[fr] with assistance from designers Andr Monpoix[fr], Joseph-Andr Motte and Paulin. It wasnt until 1814 that the government decided to set up an art gallery in the palace so that people could see art from all over the world. [137], The Louvre Abu Dhabi is a separate entity from the Louvre, but the two entities have a multifaceted contractual relationship that allows the Emirati museum to use the Louvre name until 2037, and to exhibit artworks from the Louvre until 2027. For its display, he created another new section within the Louvre named Muse Napolon III, occupying a number of rooms in various parts of the building. It contains one of the world's largest and most comprehensive collections of Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions. [71], The museum contains exhibits from Sumer and the city of Akkad, with monuments such as the Prince of Lagash's Stele of the Vultures from 2450BC and the stele erected by Naram-Sin, King of Akkad, to celebrate a victory over barbarians in the Zagros Mountains. One of the most well-known museums in Paris is the Louvre Museum. The public was given free accessibility on three days per week, which was "perceived as a major accomplishment and was generally appreciated". The collection's development corresponds to archaeological work such as Paul-mile Botta's 1843 expedition to Khorsabad and the discovery of Sargon II's palace. The Louvre was once a royal palace until the French revolutionary government transformed it into a museum in Paris in 1889. Here, we explore the museum's unique history, tracing its fascinating evolution from medieval castle to world-class art museum. La collection La Caze". The museum participates too in arbitration sessions held via UNESCO's Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to Its Countries of Origin. The fire burned for forty-eight hours, entirely destroying the interior of the Tuileries and spreading to the north west wing of the museum next to it. The Louvre is a world-renowned museum that has been around for centuries. Since 2019, the Louvre has also maintained a large art storage and research facility in the Northern French town of Livin, the Centre de conservation du Louvre[fr], which is not open to the public. [9], Before the Grand Louvre overhaul of the late 1980s and 1990s, the Louvre had several street-level entrances, most of which are now permanently closed. The Louvre reopened in 1822 under Napoleans rule, and it became known as the Museum of Fine Arts. The archaic is demonstrated by jewellery and pieces such as the limestone Lady of Auxerre, from 640 BC; and the cylindrical Hera of Samos, c. 570560BC. By the 19th century, the Louvre had been transformed into a museum, open to the public. Experience the Louvre Museum at your own pace with a pre-booked e-ticket and a captivating self-guided audio tour on your smartphone. The Luxembourg gallery included Andrea del Sarto's Charity and works by Raphael; Titian; Veronese; Rembrandt; Poussin or Van Dyck. The painting is only is just 21 x 30 inches (53.34cm x 76.2cm). It is an extremely important structure and one of the most-visited edifices in the country as it preserves a mind-boggling collection of artwork and artefacts from a period that ranges from ancient civilization to the middle of the 19th century. Louvre now houses more than 460,000 objects and 35,000 artworks. On 14 October 1750, Louis XV decided on a display of 96 pieces from the royal collection, mounted in the Galerie royale de peinture of the Luxembourg Palace. Aside from the Mona . The Gallery of Apollo was completed in 1248, and it was later renamed the Gallery of Jean Goujon. In 1546, FrancisI started its rebuilding in French Renaissance style. An interesting fact about the most famous painting in the Louvre Museum is that it's relatively small. What was the Louvre after is was a fortress but before it was a museum? . [147] The museum consequently returned in 2009 five Egyptian fragments of frescoes (30cm x 15cm each) whose existence of the tomb of origin had only been brought to the authorities attention in 2008, eight to five years after their good-faith acquisition by the museum from two private collections and after the necessary respect of the procedure of dclassement from French public collections before the Commission scientifique nationale des collections des muses de France. In 1793, during the French Revolution, the palace was looted and many of its paintings were taken away. [51] On 27 August 1939, after two days of packing, truck convoys began to leave Paris. [13]:52-54 In the 1860s, Lefuel also led the creation of the pavillon des Sessions with a new Salle des Etats closer to Napoleon III's residence in the Tuileries Palace, with the effect of shortening the Grande Galerie by about a third of its previous length. In 1861, he bought 11,835artworks including 641 paintings, Greek gold and other antiquities of the Campana collection. [78] These exhibits, of ceramics, glass, metalware, wood, ivory, carpet, textiles, and miniatures, include more than 5,000works and 1,000shards. But Is It Really Home? You could spend days here, but instead, join a passionate, English-speaking guide for a tour of the most famous artworks. Meanwhile, during the Third Republic (18701940) the Louvre acquired new artefacts mainly via donations, gifts, and sharing arrangements on excavations abroad. [49] The Muse de Marine itself was relocated to the Palais de Chaillot in 1943. Because of structural problems with the building, the museum was . Under Loyrette, who replaced Pierre Rosenberg in 2001, the Louvre has undergone policy changes that allow it to lend and borrow more works than before. Middle Kingdom art, "known for its gold work and statues", moved from realism to idealization; this is exemplified by the schist statue of Amenemhatankh and the wooden Offering Bearer. Remnants of the Medieval Louvre are still visible in the crypt. The Louvre is the largest art museum on Earth and the crown jewel of Paris. The Louvre holds masterpieces from the Hellenistic era, including The Winged Victory of Samothrace (190BC) and the Venus de Milo, symbolic of classical art. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Louvre has launched a platform where most of its works, including those that are not on display, can be seen. In 1947, Edmond Guillaume's ceiling ornaments were removed from the Salle des Etats,[48] where the Mona Lisa was first displayed in 1966. The Louvre was originally known as the Temple of Isis, and it served as a temple to Isis, the Egyptian goddess of fertility and motherhood. [143] In 1949, it entrusted 2,130 unclaimed pieces (including 1,001 paintings) to the Direction des Muses de France in order to keep them under appropriate conditions of conservation until their restitution and meanwhile classified them as MNRs (Muses Nationaux Recuperation or, in English, the National Museums of Recovered Artwork). Champollion advised the purchase of three collections, formed by Edm-Antoine Durand, Henry Salt, and Bernardino Drovet; these additions added 7,000works. [13]:451-454[83], The works are displayed on the Richelieu Wing's first floor and in the Apollo Gallery, named by the painter Charles Le Brun, who was commissioned by LouisXIV (the Sun King) to decorate the space in a solar theme. In 2022, 7.8 million people meandered through the Louvre, taking . [71], The department's origins lie in the royal collection, but it was augmented by Napoleon's 1798 expeditionary trip with Dominique Vivant, the future director of the Louvre. The Salle du Mange was transferred to the museum in 1879, and in 1928 became its main entrance lobby. This department is one of the museum's oldest; it began with appropriated royal art, some of which was acquired under Francis I. It served as a royal palace for centuries before becoming a public museum in 1793. The medieval collection contains the coronation crown of LouisXIV, CharlesV's sceptre, and the 12thcentury porphyry vase. The Louvre is a world-renowned museum and one of the most popular tourist destinations in Paris. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}485140N 2209E / 48.86111N 2.33583E / 48.86111; 2.33583, The Louvre (English: /luv(r)/ LOOV(-r)),[4] or the Louvre Museum (French: Muse du Louvre [myze dy luv] (listen)), is the world's most-visited museum, and a historic landmark in Paris, France. Three quarters were derived from the royal collections, the remainder from confiscated migrs and Church property (biens nationaux). A central landmark of the city, it is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement (district or ward). [76] The collection spans from the Cycladic period to the decline of the Roman Empire. By the 14 th century it had become more of a residence for the French royal family. The Louvre was originally built as a fortress in 1190, but was reconstructed in the 16th century to serve as a royal palace. And for the best experience, visit the Louvre for the late-night opening: arrive after 6 pm on Wednesdays or Fridays and enjoy the museum up until 9:45 pm. "[151][157], Art museum and historic site in Paris, France, This article is about the museum. Salvator Mundi was also not included since the Saudi owner did not agree to move the work from its hiding place. [151] In 2010, the Guggenheim Foundation placed on its website a joint statement with Abu Dhabis Tourism Development and Investment Company (TDIC) recognizing the following workers' rights issues, among others: health and safety of the workers; their access to their passports and other documents that the employers have been retaining to guaranty that they stay on the job; using a general contractor that agrees to obey the labor laws; maintaining an independent site monitor; and ending the system that has been generally used in the Persian Gulf region of requiring workers to reimburse recruitment fees. In the 19thcentury, the Louvre acquired works including vases from the Durand collection, bronzes such as the Borghese Vase from the Bibliothque nationale. A fortress in the 12th Century and was continuously remodeled for the residents of the french kings. [46] The large Salle des Etats that had been created by Lefuel between the Grande Galerie and Pavillon Denon was redecorated in 1886 by Edmond Guillaume[fr], Lefuel's successor as architect of the Louvre, and opened as a spacious exhibition room. The French art loans, expected to total between 200 and 300artworks during a 10-year period, come from multiple museums, including the Louvre, the Centre Georges Pompidou, the Muse d'Orsay, Versailles, the Guimet Museum, the Muse Rodin, and the Muse du quai Branly. [97], The Money Changer and His Wife; by Quentin Massys; 1514; oil on panel; 70.5 67cm, Spring; by Giuseppe Arcimboldo; 1573; oil on canvas; 76 64cm, Susanna and the Elders; by Giambattista Pittoni; 1720; oil on panel; 37 46cm, The Continence of Scipio; by Giambattista Pittoni; 1733; oil on panel; 96 56cm, Diana after the Bath; by Franois Boucher; 1742; oil on canvas; 73 56cm, Oath of the Horatii; by Jacques-Louis David; 1784; oil on canvas; height: 330cm, width: 425cm, The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David, The prints and drawings department encompasses works on paper. Matila Simon, "The battle of the Louvre;: The struggle to save French art in World War II". Since 1996, the restitutions, according sometimes to less formal criteria, concerned 47 more pieces (26 paintings, with 6 from the Louvre including a then displayed Tiepolo), until the last claims of French owners and their heirs ended again in 2006. [117] Following its time in Tehran, the exhibition is set to be held in the Khorasan Grand Museum in Mashhad, northeastern Iran in June 2018. It served as a royal palace for centuries, until the French Revolution in 1789. [24], The Louvre finally became a public museum during the French Revolution. [71] The collection, among the world's largest, overviews Egyptian life spanning Ancient Egypt, the Middle Kingdom, the New Kingdom, Coptic art, and the Roman, Ptolemaic, and Byzantine periods. The Greek and Roman sculpture gallery on the ground floor of the southwestern side of the Cour Carre was completed on designs by Percier and Fontaine. The Grand Louvre project separated the department into two exhibition spaces; the French collection is displayed in the Richelieu Wing, and foreign works in the Denon Wing.[81]. The Louvre was left as a place to display when Louis the fourteenth left it in 1682 for the Palace of Versailles. It was originally called the Palace of Fontainebleau and was built for Louis XII in 1548. The museum opened on 10 August 1793 with an exhibition of 537paintings, the majority of the works being royal and confiscated church property. The Baroque collection includes Giambattista Pittoni's The Continence of Scipio, Susanna and the Elders, Bacchus and Ariadne, Mars and Venus, and others Caravaggio is represented by The Fortune Teller and Death of the Virgin. [102], In 2009, Minister of culture Frdric Mitterrand approved a plan that would have created a storage facility 30km (19mi) northwest of Paris to hold objects from the Louvre and two other national museums in Paris's flood zone, the Muse du Quai Branly and the Muse d'Orsay; the plan was later scrapped. The collection is divided among eight curatorial departments: Egyptian Antiquities; Near Eastern Antiquities; Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Antiquities; Islamic Art; Sculpture; Decorative Arts; Paintings; Prints and Drawings. The 19th-century work, "Diane and Endymion" by artist Jerome-Martin Langlois, is "likely" the same one "loaned by the Louvre to the Fine Art Museum in Amiens before World War I and which . [57], In 1961, the Finance Ministry accepted to leave the Pavillon de Flore at the southwestern end of the Louvre building, as Verne had recommended in his 1920s plan. In the 1850s architects Louis Visconti and Hector Lefuel created massive new spaces around what is now called the Cour Napolon, some of which (in the South Wing, now Aile Denon) went to the museum. The Louvre is one of the most fascinating buildings in the entire world. The Louvre's collection of 11,000 years' worth of art and artifacts is one of the world's most valuable collections, showcasing the human experience. The expansion of the museum and its collections slowed after World War I, however, despite some prominent acquisitions such as Georges de La Tour's Saint Thomas and Baron Edmond de Rothschild's 1935 donation of 4,000prints, 3,000drawings, and 500illustrated books. He stated that the main issue then remaining was the recruitment fees charged to workers by agents who recruit them. [71][13]:155-58 Initially, the collection focused on marble sculptures, such as the Venus de Milo'. [135], The Louvre-Lens follows a May 2003 initiative by then culture minister Jean-Jacques Aillagon to promote cultural projects outside of Paris that would make the riches of major Parisian institutions available to a broader French public, including a satellite (antenne) of the Louvre. [8] During the French Revolution, the National Assembly decreed that the Louvre should be used as a museum to display the nation's masterpieces. Meanwhile, the French Navy created an exhibition of ship models in the Louvre in December 1827, initially named muse dauphin in honor of Dauphin Louis Antoine,[40] building on an 18th-century initiative of Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau. [24] In 1794, France's revolutionary armies began bringing pieces from Northern Europe, augmented after the Treaty of Tolentino (1797) by works from the Vatican, such as the Laocon and Apollo Belvedere, to establish the Louvre as a museum and as a "sign of popular sovereignty".[29][30]. [10]:40 It was free until 1922, when an entrance fee was introduced except on Sundays. In 1364, a young architect named Raymond du Temple transformed . It wasn't until 1814 that the government decided to set up an art gallery in the palace so that people could see art from all over the world. Only in the late 1700s, during the French Revolution, did the Louvre officially become a public museum. Remnants of the Medieval Louvre fortress are visible in the basement of the museum. Neoclassical works includes Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss (1787). [80], The Pyxis of al-Mughira; 10th century (maybe 968); ivory; 15 x 8cm, Iranian tile with bismillah; turn of the 13th-14th century; molded ceramic, luster glaze and glaze, The Baptistre de Saint Louis; by Muhammad ibn al-Zayn; 13201340; hammering, engraving, inlay in brass, gold, and silver; 50.2 x 22.2cm, Door; 15th-16th century; sculpted, painted and gilded walnut wood, The sculpture department consists of works created before 1850 not belonging in the Etruscan, Greek, and Roman department. [81] The Louvre has been a repository of sculpted material since its time as a palace; however, only ancient architecture was displayed until 1824, except for Michelangelo's Dying Slave and Rebellious Slave. The department is divided into three geographic areas: the Levant, Mesopotamia (Iraq), and Persia (Iran). [136] After several rounds of competition, a former mining site in the town of Lens was selected for its location and announced by Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin on 29 November 2004. The Louvre, like many other museums and galleries, felt the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage. But the museum was saved by the efforts of Paris firemen and museum employees led by curator Henry Barbet de Jouy. From the late 19th century, the Louvre gradually veered away from its mid-century ambition of universality to become a more focused museum of French, Western and Near Eastern art, covering a space ranging from Iran to the Atlantic.

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