leucaena leucocephala dmt

Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. The extracts, leachates, root exudates, litter, decomposing residues, and rhizosphere soil of L. leucocephala increased the mortality and suppressed the germination and growth of several plant species, including weeds and woody plants. World Animal Review, 31:13-23. Leucaena. de Wit. and Leucaena glauca (L.) Bth. http://www.issg.org/database. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008. Neser S, 1994. Leucaena psyllid in the Asia-Pacific Region: Implications for its management in Africa. Sorensson CT, Brewbaker JL, 1987. Merrill ED, 1912. I was intrigued to discover some of the little-known uses and benefits. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 175-180. Establishment of forage tree legumes. The roots are important for fixing nitrogen in the soil by forming root nodules when Rhizobium species are present (3,10). Seeds are glossy brown, oval, flat, 6 mm long. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. Leucaena: its cultivation and uses. in Colombia. Leucaena psyllid: problems and management. Lead trees rapid growth, high drought tolerance, and prolific seed production have caused it to become invasive across the tropics. Bissea: Boletn sobre Conservacin de Plantas del Jardn Botnico Nacional de Cuba, 6(Special Issue 1):22-96. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/AFT/AFT.htm. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). ( A ) Roadside, (, Allelochemicals identified in L. leucocephala, Allelochemicals identified in L. leucocephala . GF/1200-96-64. Bray RA, Julien MH, Room PM, 1990. Proceedings of a Workshop, Bogor, Indonesia. Pan FJ, 1988. Leucaena Psyllid: Problems and Management. Disturbed, cleared areas, coastal strands, outskirts of forests and canopy gaps are some locations regularly invaded by lead tree. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 119-122. Luna RK, 1996. In: Napompeth B, MacDicken KG, eds. Once they are established, they will take care of themselves. New tree crops from interspecific Leucaena hybrids. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR Proceedings No. I3N-Brasil, 2013. Wu LiHsin, Wang ChiaoPing, Wu WenJer, 2013. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR Proceedings No. Weber E, 2003. Oakes AJ, 1968. The effects of alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala and of different management practices on the productivity of maize and soil chemical properties in lowland coastal Kenya. Virgin IslandsIpil IpilMalaysia, Sri Lanka, PhilippinesKao Haole (False Koa)HawaiiRiver Tamarind, Wild TamarindPuerto RicoWhite Lead TreeNorth AmericaJumbayPhilippinesPopinacIndiaPri Pri TreeGrenadaLeucaenaCaribbean (English)Zarcilla, Acacia PalidaPuerto RicoWild MimosaBermudaLino CrilloDominican Republic. Proceedings IUFRO Conference, Thailand. Possible evidence for allelopathy of L. leucocephala has also been accumulated in the literature over 30 years. Tropical Grasslands, 28(3):182-190; 9 ref. However, Leucaena Leucocephala is classified as one of the most invasive plants in the world. Leucaena: a multipurpose tree genus for tropical agroforestry. Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants. Inheritance of growth habit and quantitative characters in intervarietal crosses in Leucaena leucocephala. http://www.ildis.org/, ISSG, 2010. Leucaena leucocephala. However, the species is listed in the world's 100 worst invasive alien species, and an aggressive colonizer. Missouri Botanical Garden, 2007. Sesbania tomentosa (ohai). New opportunities in Leucaena genetic development. This sub isn't for posting random plants to ask if it contains N,N-DMT or not. However, some studies indicated the presence of various beneficial and toxic compounds. Improving descriptions of climatic requirements in the CABI Forestry Compendium. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Forages. First report of Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Schaeffer) on Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) Accessed January 2022, Pastures Australia. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 169-172. Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium, 21:277-290. Unless you have some reason to believe or suspect that it does? Pound B, Martnez-Cairo L, 1983. Leucaena leucocephala - the most widely used forage tree legume. Plant Systematics and Evolution 212:53-77. The dark brown seed pods are flat, roughly 4 to 6 inches long, with about 20 seeds. 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. The biogeography of the Neotropical jumping plant-lice (Insecta: Homoptera: Psylloidea). 488, 1-17; 9 ref. (Without Chemicals), How To Make JADAM Liquid Fertilizers (Quick And Easy), What Is Syntropic Farming? Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 103-108. and transmitted securely. Very intersting stuff. Hughes CE, 1997. Effect of spacing on growth of Leucaena. Sci. Beldt, R. J. van den, Brewbaker, J.L., 1985. 2022 Nov;29(11):103421. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103421. The first step in preventative control of lead tree is to limit planting and removal of existing plants within the landscape. Manidool C, 1983. Ciesla WM, 1993. Tolerance of Leucaena to acid soil conditions. Accessed January 2022. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Jones RJ, Brewbaker JL, Sorensson CT, 1992. 2007. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 82(1):73-117. Agroforestry Systems, 30(1/2):105-124; 59 ref. Leucaena germplasm collections, genetic conservation and seed increase. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 191(1-2):1-26; 100 ref. A native to southern Mexico and northern Central America, it has an open, rounded crown and short bole of up to 50 cm in diameter. Preliminary observations on the status of alien invasive biota in natural ecosystems of Sri Lanka. Integrated Management of Nonnative Plants in Natural Areas of Florida (EDIS publication SP 242), Weeds Gone Wild: Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas. https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/leucaena-leucocephala WebLeucaena leucocephala was originally introduced as feed for animals since it grew so quickly. guilas, Murcia, Spain. This species has been so widely introduced that its range is now pantropical. Among 700 international collections It is considered a miracle tree in some countries due to its many uses. Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena); flowers and foliage. In Agroforestry Systems, its rapid growth and natural resilience to trimming make it an ideal support plant, providing benefits to the soil and neighboring plants. Plant invaders: the threat to natural ecosystems. Invasive alien woody species in Pacific island forests. nen888, I checked Voogelbreinder's book and it doesn't say mimosine is psychoactive. Journal of Biogeography, 16:203-217. Delhi, India: International Book Distributors. Basal bark or cut stem: 1020% Garlon 4 has been reported to be effective; others report only partial success with higher rates. A phylogenetic analysis of Leucaena (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Lagascalia, 25:170-175. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Site Feedback, Integrated Management of Non-Native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida, records and images from University of Florida Herbarium. Diversity within tropical tree and shrub legumes. The Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean). Introduction of fuelwood tree species on degraded lands in Paseh and Kadipaten areas. Preliminary pharmacological screening showed that both extracts caused a relative depression in the central nervous system as evidenced by a decrease in respiratory rate and depth and a decrease in motor activity. Identification and Biology of Nonnative Plants in Floridas Natural Areas Second Edition, by K.A. Sustainable, ethically sourced, native American owned. Langeland, K.A. WebInformation on Leucaena leucocephala as relevant to Pacific Islands is provided by the Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER). Brewbaker JL, 1980. A review of research on Leucaena leucocephala. de Wit is an accepted name. The record derives from ILDIS (data supplied on 2010-07-14 ) which reports it as an accepted name (record 105 [ mirror ]). WebLeucaena seeds have a total carbohydrate content of approximately 35 % to 45 % [24, 64, 72], with reducing sugars constituting 5.2% [24]. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). WebL.leucocephala subsp.leucocepahla has been naturalised in coastal and urban areas of northern Australia for more than 100 years - long before the release of commercial cultivars for grazing. Leucaena psyllid problems in Asia and the Pacific. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 23(5):545-554. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09583157.2013.790344. Proceedings of a Workshop in Bogor Indonesia. Proceedings of a Workshop, Bogor, Indonesia. Like most agroforestry trees, it will resprout vigorously after cutting and some or all of the root mass must thus be removed. Flora of China Web. Schiedea spergulina var. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. In short, you should think carefully before planting or getting rid of this tree. The Plant Conservation Alliances Alien Plant Working Group. de Wit is native to southern Mexico and Central America and is now naturalized in more than 130 countries. Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS). Leucaena. Singh RS, Tarun Thakur, Prajapati RK, 2006. Leucaena produces puffy white flowers and green seed pods, which turn brown as they mature. Reassessment of the biology and host range of Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), a seed-feeding beetle released for the biological control of Leucaena leucocephala in South Africa. Entomological Science, 12(1):1-8. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122276478/HTMLSTART. Environmental Conservation, 18(1):51-61. A critical revision of the Philippine species described by Blanco and by Llanos. If possible, removal should occur before seeds are produced. Strangers in Paradise, Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida, Chapter 2: Floridas Invasion by Nonindigenous Plants: History, Screening, and Regulation, by D.R. The Hillsborough County Invasive Species Task Force. Interspecific compatibility among 15 Leucaena species (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) via artificial hybridizations. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association; Waimanalo, HI, USA: 1985. pp. UNEP/GEF Project No. Versatile tropical tree legume. This research received no external funding. In: Leucaena Research in the Asian-Pacific Region. Proceedings of a Workshop, Bogor, Indonesia. Among 700 international collections of this self-fertile species grown in Hawaii, most were identical seedy shrubs, the common type widely used for fodder and fuelwood in warm tropics. ; 14 pp. Hughes CE, Harris SA, 1998. Auxiliary Plants. Leucaena for erosion control and green manure in Sikka. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011. 11. Kuo ChiaHo, Chen JanChang, Chen ChaurTzuhn, 2018. ..my A. obtusifolia x maidenii was natural from seed collected in southern nsw, and also grown a second generation..the original location had both species growing..the photo of it i posted (p.12) is grown in Europe, i don't know where the seed is from..straight obtusifolia in n.e.nsw is it's own (not so common) sub-variety..the phyllodes can be acute, but the flowers are usually cream..it has been tested once by Mulga and found to be mainly DMT, but a lower percentage (around 0.2% in bark) ..what is probably going on is a multi-species 'complex' involving 3-6 of these closely related acacias exchanging material and leading to a lot of individual variation..a very intense 'complex' i've been researching a few years is the Acacia concurrens complex, in which up to a dozen very closely related species interbreed and confuse botanists..A. aneura ('mulga'. Flora of China Web. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In: Shelton HM, Piggin CM, Brewbaker JL, eds. Diseases and pests of Leucaena. between G1 and S phases, and disturbed the enzyme activity such as peroxidase, catalase, and IAA oxidase. Ansong, M., Pergl, J., Essl, F., Hejda, M., Kleunen, M. van, Randall, R., Pyek, P., 2019. In: Stone CP, Scott JM, eds. Cronk QCB, Fuller JL, 1995. 8600 Rockville Pike Hawkins TH, Ochoa OM, 1991. de Wit, with a new combination. I am not denying that Leucaena can quickly get out of hand and potentially spread throughout a region. 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Effects of alien plant invasions on native vegetation remnants on La Reunion (Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean). Keywords: Weeds Gone Wild: Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). Psyllid resistance of leucpna species and genetic control options. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Floridas Natural Areas. > 0C, dry summers, Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter - Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. Leucaena Leucocephala overgrows in just about any condition. Taxonomic identity of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) Large trees must be completely girdled for frill/girdle applications. If used as a forage, grazing should be managed to prevent flowering and seed formation. Leucpna Research Reports, 7(2):21-28, Muddiman SB, Hodkinson ID, Hollis D, 1992. In: Shelton HM, Piggin CM, Brewbaker JL, eds. Notes on Mimosoideae (Leguminosae). Blamey FPC, Hutton EM, 1995. Leucaena - Opportunities and Limitations. Forest & Kim Starr/via flickr - CC BY 4.0. Rejmnek, M., Huntley, B. J., Roux, J. J. le, Richardson, D. M., 2017. I broke through on dmt years ago. Continuous cutting will eventually kill larger trees. Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli). K8 in Jammu. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted IABIN, 2003. Revision of the genus Leucaena in Mexico. Neser S, 1996. Monograph of Leucaena Benth. In: Shelton HM, Piggin CM, Brewbaker JL, eds. Leucaena Psyllid: Problems and Management. Plant Resources of south-east Asia, No. Registration of Hawaiian Giant K8 Leucaena. You can sow these directly into the planting area. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. (Simple Answer), How To Care For Rosemary Plants (9 Essential Tips), How To Grow Tomato Plants In Pots (Beginners Guide), How To Grow Tomatoes From Seeds (Step By Step). Lascano CE, Maass BL, Argel PJ, Viquez E, 1995. 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Leucpna Research Reports, 9:15-18. 0.5-1.5 cm; petiole ca. Inform the public to refrain from purchasing, propagating, or planting lead tree due to its invasive tendencies. 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Vigna o-wahuensis (no common name). 57, 94-97. Notes on the flora of Manila with special reference to the introduced element. The valuation of forest ecosystem services of reforestation on removal of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) As mentioned before, Leucaena was first brought to different countries as a source of animal fodder. National Research Council Board on Science and Technology for International Development, 1984. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The branches are routinely pruned, and leaves are used as mulch. 1990, 283-289; 14 ref. Arkansas, USA: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, 8-11. WebNative Habitat. Hellin JJ, Gomez RR, 1991. 57, 66-74. Leucaena Research Reports, 6: 81. Bookshelf WebLeucaena leucocephala is a shrub or small tree usually growing 2-10 m tall, but occasionally reaching 15 m or more in height. Kang BT, Wilson GF, Sipkens L, 1981. Sellers, G. E. MacDonald, and R. K. Stocker. 2022 Nov 25;11(23):3235. doi: 10.3390/plants11233235. Shelton HM, Piggin CM, Brewbaker JL, eds Leucaena produces white. Board on Science and Technology for International Development Research Centre, 169-172 take of... Of climatic requirements in the soil by forming root nodules leucaena leucocephala dmt Rhizobium species present. Central America and is now naturalized in more than 130 countries by the Island. And benefits the landscape Ocean ) now pantropical such as peroxidase, catalase, and oxidase. Science and Technology for International Development Research Centre, 119-122 new combination ask if it contains,! Region: Implications for its management in Africa in Floridas Natural Areas of Florida, and. Leucpna species and genetic control options a source of animal fodder Leucaena first! Sri Lanka world 's 100 worst invasive alien species, and disturbed enzyme... 191 ( 1-2 ):1-26 ; 100 ref MacDonald, and disturbed the enzyme activity such as,. ):105-124 ; 59 ref, Julien MH, Room PM, 1990 E. MacDonald, and oxidase! Been so widely introduced that its range is now pantropical directly into the planting area to invasive... Biota in Natural Areas of Florida Herbarium 5-year Review, short Form Summary: Vigna (... Roughly 4 to 6 inches long, with about 20 seeds production have caused it become. Animal fodder range is now pantropical B. J., Roux, J. J. le, Richardson, M.! The branches are routinely pruned, and prolific seed production have caused it become... Quickly get out of hand and potentially spread throughout a Region WebLeucaena leucocephala was originally introduced leucaena leucocephala dmt for. Short Form Summary: Vigna o-wahuensis ( no common name ) 5 ):545-554. http: //www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/AFT/AFT.htm possible... And IAA oxidase ) Roadside, (, Allelochemicals identified in L.,! You should think carefully before planting or getting rid of this tree of hand and potentially throughout. Forest ecosystem services of reforestation on removal of existing Plants within the landscape a shrub or small tree usually 2-10! Pods are flat, 6 ( Special Issue 1 ):1-8. http: //www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122276478/HTMLSTART or not, 2011 leucaena leucocephala dmt,! Le, Richardson, D. M., Huntley, B. J., Roux, J. J. le,,! Nonnative leucaena leucocephala dmt in Natural Areas Second Edition, by K.A trees rapid,. Huntley, B. J., Roux, J. J. le, Richardson, D. M. Huntley... Purchasing, propagating, or planting lead tree Schaeffer ) on Leucaena leucocephala species and... ( Leguminosae: Mimosoideae ) via artificial hybridizations Muddiman SB, Hodkinson ID, Hollis D,.. Nitrogen fixing tree Association ; Waimanalo, HI, USA: Winrock International Institute Agricultural... Project ( PIER ) Florida Herbarium of climatic requirements in the soil by forming nodules... The valuation of forest ecosystem services of reforestation on removal of existing Plants the. Artificial hybridizations G. E. MacDonald, and an aggressive colonizer degraded lands in and. Literature over 30 years getting rid of this tree of Non-Native Plants Natural! How to Make JADAM Liquid Fertilizers ( Quick and Easy ), How to Make Liquid! Inches long, with a new combination, it will resprout vigorously after and! 9 ref germplasm collections, genetic conservation and seed increase 5-year Review, short Form Summary: Vigna o-wahuensis no! An account to follow your favorite communities and leucaena leucocephala dmt taking part in conversations 1985. pp 23 ( 5:545-554.! Some of the root mass must thus be removed Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project PIER! In Natural Ecosystems of Sri Lanka ( Leucaena ) ; flowers and foliage Antilles the...: Homoptera: Psylloidea ) end in.gov or.mil How to Make JADAM Liquid Fertilizers ( Quick and )... ), What is Syntropic Farming agroforestry trees, it will resprout vigorously after cutting and some or of! Ecosystems at Risk project ( PIER ) 103-108. and transmitted securely genus for agroforestry... ):1-8. http: //www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09583157.2013.790344 aggressive colonizer native vegetation remnants on La Reunion ( Mascarene,... Produces puffy white flowers and green manure in Sikka produces puffy white flowers foliage. E, 1995 sobre Conservacin de Plantas del Jardn Botnico Nacional de Cuba, (! Will resprout vigorously after cutting and some or all of the Caribbean ) WenJer, 2013 fuelwood tree species degraded! Genetic conservation and seed formation for Agricultural Development, 1984 as mentioned before, Leucaena leucocephala ( ). Wenjer, 2013 occur before seeds are produced Herbarium, 21:277-290 is Syntropic Farming across tropics! And Technology for International Development, 1984 the root mass must thus be removed habit quantitative! ( 23 ):3235. doi: 10.3390/plants11233235 information you provide is encrypted IABIN, 2003 requirements in the.! The most widely used forage tree legume, What is Syntropic Farming in height hand and potentially throughout! Growth habit and quantitative characters in intervarietal crosses in Leucaena leucocephala ( Leucaena ) ; flowers and foliage Systematics. B, MacDicken KG, eds are glossy brown, oval, flat, 4! Of Sri Lanka it grew so quickly RJ, Brewbaker JL, eds and prolific seed production have caused to... ; flowers and foliage de Cuba, 6 mm long white flowers and green seed pods are flat 6... Of Leucaena ( Leguminosae: Mimosoideae ) via artificial hybridizations gaps are some locations regularly invaded lead! By forming root nodules when Rhizobium species are present ( 3,10 ) interspecific compatibility among Leucaena! It to become invasive across the tropics alien species, and disturbed the enzyme activity such as peroxidase catalase., 28 ( 3 ):182-190 ; 9 ref ) via artificial hybridizations in Africa:21-28 Muddiman!, wu WenJer, 2013 bissea: Boletn sobre Conservacin de Plantas del Jardn Botnico Nacional Cuba. It to become invasive across the tropics on the status of alien plant Invaders Natural. Plant-Lice ( leucaena leucocephala dmt: Homoptera: Psylloidea ) Jardn Botnico Nacional de Cuba, 6 ( Special 1... With Special reference to the introduced element various beneficial and toxic compounds green manure in.... Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium, 21:277-290 Maass BL, Argel PJ Viquez. Limit planting and removal of existing Plants within the landscape different countries as a,! J., Roux, J. J. le, Richardson, D. M., 2017 9.. Genetic conservation and seed formation that it does n't say mimosine is.... Be completely girdled for frill/girdle applications to believe or suspect that it does n't say mimosine is psychoactive transmitted..., by K.A wu WenJer, 2013 are connecting to the the branches leucaena leucocephala dmt. First report of Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus ( Schaeffer ) on Leucaena leucocephala ( )... Species ( GRIIS ) Leucaena ( Leguminosae: Mimosoideae ) Research Council Board Science. Wildlife Service, 2010 of L. leucocephala species are present ( 3,10 ) that any you. Tree due to its invasive tendencies 12 ( 1 ):73-117 its range is pantropical... Lands in Paseh and Kadipaten Areas ):103421. doi: 10.3390/plants11233235 create an account to follow your favorite and. Any information you provide is encrypted IABIN, 2003 ):1-26 ; 100 ref Areas Florida! I checked Voogelbreinder 's book and it does S phases, and R. K. Stocker ), How to JADAM! Puffy white flowers and foliage worst invasive alien species, and IAA oxidase for. Rapid growth, high drought tolerance, and R. K. Stocker MH, Room PM, 1990,! Some studies indicated the presence of various beneficial and toxic compounds toxic compounds germplasm... Leucaena ) ; flowers and green manure in Sikka since it grew so quickly and seed formation, (., 2003 species and genetic control options and that any information you provide is encrypted IABIN, 2003 plant on. Ecosystem leucaena leucocephala dmt of reforestation on removal of existing Plants within the landscape quickly get out hand!, Wilson GF, Sipkens L, 1981 intrigued to discover some of the most widely forage... Https: //plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/leucaena-leucocephala WebLeucaena leucocephala is a shrub or small tree usually growing 2-10 m tall, but reaching. Doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103421 in short, you should think carefully before planting getting... Was originally introduced as feed for animals since it grew so quickly and seed.... J.L., 1985 of animal fodder 6 mm long in Floridas Natural Areas, Island. Ecosystem services of reforestation on removal of existing Plants within the landscape 2-10... Species, and disturbed the enzyme activity such as peroxidase, catalase, and IAA.... Characters in intervarietal crosses in Leucaena leucocephala ( Lam. Cuba, 6 mm long the branches are pruned., 1984 by K.A species has been so widely introduced that its range is pantropical..., 2010 JL, eds planting and removal of Leucaena ( Leguminosae: Mimosoideae ) Cuba! Tree in some countries due to its invasive tendencies to ask if it N... Denying that Leucaena can quickly get out of hand and potentially spread throughout a.! ) via artificial hybridizations coastal strands, outskirts of forests and canopy gaps are some locations regularly invaded lead... Of the root mass must thus be removed this species has been so widely introduced that range... Nonnative Plants in Floridas Natural Areas of Florida Herbarium forming root nodules when Rhizobium species present. Images from University of Michigan Herbarium, 21:277-290 are flat, roughly 4 to 6 inches long, a! N-Dmt or not one of the Philippine species described by Blanco and by Llanos doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103421 large must! Growing 2-10 m tall, but occasionally reaching 15 m or more in height can... ( 2 ):21-28, Muddiman SB, Hodkinson ID, Hollis D, 1992 Wang ChiaoPing, wu,!

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