We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The poem takes the reader through the perspective of those who have been put-upon by a system that is supposed to help them. This poem explores the themes of identity, freedom, and equality. 24Of dog eat dog, of mighty crush the weak. Rhyme: Hughes uses rhyme to draw attention to the poetic element of his message. Whether one is a farmer or a worker, he says I am the people and says that those in this position are getting mad and hungry, and feel beaten on line #38. Is the American Dream really available for everyone? He joined a church choir where his musical talent was first recognized. Metaphor. Not me? B. Then later in A New Song, a small collection of poems. Adams was quick to point out that the American dream was not one of "motor cars or high wages merely." Find a talented student to draw a barren field or a broken-winged bird. What kind of literary device does Langston Hughes use? The speakers negativity is questioned. Lasting nearly a decade, the Great Depression (192939) was the longest and most severe economic downswing of the 20th century. The Use of Figurative Language He is the collected mind of those that have not been able to get in touch with the American dream. 26-32: The central message here is one of greed. (3) $4.00. Get started for FREE Continue. Figurative language refers to the use of words in a way that deviates from the conventional order and meaning in order to convey a complicated meaning, colorful writing, clarity, or evocative comparison. We put too much focus on money, and devalue most everything else. I am the people, humble, hungry, mean Hungry yet today despite the dream. The author author of "Let America Be America Again uses repetition of freedom and equality throughout the text. For example, soil and all in lines thirty-one and thirty-three. Lines seventeen and eighteen are in italics. Being born an American is incarnation of many years of struggle and victories that has led to our country to its present path. The British and East Coasters alike saw everything west of Appalachia as a wild wonderland: home to cowboys, adventure, and opportunity. Title poem America was not what it used to be and people want it to change. These settlements were populated by struggling whites, immigrants, Native Americans, and African Americans who had lost everything. By contributing to the Harlem Renaissance and resisting the racial prejudice in this era of segregation, Hughes narrator in Negro also unifies isolated and downtrodden African Americans of the 1920s, and many African Americans today, through a universal pain felt in African Americans. He follows this up with a series of questions asking who would even say the word free? The millions who are shot down when we strike? Or those who have nothing for our pay? There is no free to speak of. He is speaking for the millions of people who have been struggling, hoping, working, and flying American flags, who have nothing except for dreams that are almost dead. But, the fact that he uses the word almost shows a little hope. Great hub. Hughes uses anaphora in these lines to emphasize what it takes to move through the world while seeking success. Greetings from Nigeria. That number ballooned to 24.75 percent in 1933. It reminds us of how happy and meaningful it was for many people when Obama was elected. 39Yet Im the one who dreamt our basic dream. America has never had a definite shape or form in regards to its identity, if ever it had one it was merely a construct. 38The poorest worker bartered through the years. Rhetorical tools, also known as rhetorical devices or rhetorical strategies, are techniques used to communicate effectively and persuasively in writing and speaking. An NPR podcast covering the life and work of Langston Hughes, including a reading and discussion of "Let America Be America Again.". In the final lines of Let America Be America Againthe speaker explains that from the dark, rape and rot of graft, and steal, and lies there will come something bright and good. A biographical account of Hughes's life and work. 20. The Dream acts as an inspiration, by giving Americans a positive outlook for a better tomorrow. Of grab the gold! Let America Be What Could Be Gwen Stefani: "I Said, 'My God, I'm Japanese'". By then the worst of the Great Depression had passed, but nearly 20 percent of American citizens were still unemployed. America never was America to me.) With the bold statements captured in this poem, Hughes was able to assert the face of the Black American and hoped, if not foretold a future when they, the darker brother, and their whiter brothers we can presume they have, will be under a single name: all as, The modern African American, according to Hughes, feels the discrimination and hate against themselves just as their ancestors did, how they are lynched still in the United States, which further connects past Africans to present African Americans (16). He is everyone that has been pushed down and locked out of the American Dream as he outlined it in the first few stanzas. Let America be America again. He speaks of himself, ME and all those who made America what it is. The poorest worker bartered through the years. Honest depictions of life in black families and neighborhoods chipped away at racial stereotypes. As you can clearly see being an American isn 't as it was perceived. Langston Hughes is a poet who tried to emphasize the idea of equality among all human beings. I am the black man, servant to you all. The fifth line, ''America was never America,'' is a powerful statement about. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. 81The rape and rot of graft, and stealth, and lies. 20-25: In this stanza, we learn that this is not just about one group of people. Iv'e always loved this poem, I cited this poem is a regions speech competition. (America never was America to me.) Yet Im the one who dreamt our basic dream In the Old World while still a serf of kings, Who dreamt a dream so strong, so brave, so true, That even yet its mighty daring sings In every brick and stone, in every furrow turned, Thats made America the land it has become. Its really saying that some people are working hard, but the dream isnt there for them. The free? Let it be the pioneer on the plain Seeking a home where he himself is free. Those who should benefit most are also those who gave their sweat and blood. 81-85: Hopes resonates here. 45O, Im the man who sailed those early seas, 46In search of what I meant to be my home. In other words, we have held prejudice against each other based on our outward appearances, but rarely considered what lies beneath the surface. All should have a homeland of the free.. Langston Hughes uses such literary devices as apostrophe, anaphora, allusion, metaphor, simile, and alliteration in Let America Be America Again. Hover for more information. They are the poor, the immigrants, the African Americans, and the Native Americans. These include but are not limited to anaphora, enjambment, alliteration, and metaphor. 13But opportunity is real, and life is free, 16Nor freedom in this homeland of the free.). The rape and rot of graft, and stealth, and lies, All, all the stretch of these great green states, Waste not, want not asks everyone to pay attention to what they waste as that waste might lead to want., https://poemanalysis.com/langston-hughes/let-america-be-america-again/, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus. Hughes uses apostrophe in Stanza 7 where the speaker addresses the voice that interrupts the poem to ask who is "mumbl[ing] in the dark.". The poem takes the reader through the perspective of those who have been put-upon by a system that is supposed to help them. Through the text, Hughes outlines what it would mean to really have the America that people say exists. Of owning everything for ones own greed! The historical context and personification combined also emphasize the unity between African Americans of the 1920s through a universal understanding of pain and, (Hughes 13). The seventieth line of Let America Be America Again admits that many are going to push back against the speaker. If you like poetry with a historic perspective, you may be interested in reading the Poetry of Jose Rizal. Another poetic technique that Hughes used in his poem was personification. But, as a contemporary reader should understand, this is only fiction. All, all the stretch of these great green states. Hughes wrote "Let America Be America Again" while riding on a train from New York City to Cleveland, Ohio, in October 1935. This shows how he believes that he will be included. 3. These can be seen in Stanzas 1, 3, and 57. "Let America Be America Again" is a poem written by Langston Hughes in 1935 and published the following year. There is no exact number of lines to each one. The downturn began with the crumbling of the United States stock market in 1929. Another important technique commonly used in poetry is enjambment. Although it is said everyone is equal in every way, that has not always been the case. I am the farmer, bondsman to the soil. Hughes also uses imagery and figurative language to develop the mood, tone, and main idea of "Let America Be America Again," particularly when he's writing about America itself. 18And who are you that draws your veil across the stars? , , , , . The next stanza of Let American Be America Again is the longest of the poem with twelve lines. Merit or virtue no longer has a say, instead racist ideologies and practices dominate the system. Let it be the dream it used to be. All are in America now wanting to build a life. For example, both "America never was America for me" (10) and "It never was America for me" have the same message. 12Is crowned with no false patriotic wreath. 6-10: In a sense, there is a positive tone because there is a hope that America can be a great strong land of love, but then it he uses words and phrases like kings connive, tyrants scheme,' and crushed. Therefore, he conveys that there are people in power who are in control and deprive others of opportunities. The word free is in question in the following line. Out of the rack and ruin of our gangster death, The abuse and rot of graft, and stealth, and lies. He has found nothing in the world to make him believe in the American dream. Uses the word I throughout. The poem not only focuses on African-Americans and their struggles . Your analysis of Langston Hughes' poem is elucidatory and graphic. Let America Be America Again by Langston Hughes is concerned with the modern United States. What are the literary devices used in Let America be America again? Line 10 repeats the idea that America isnt what it could be for him. Alliteration: The phrase on line #4 represents alliteration. Hughes also uses anaphora, which is the repetition of the same words at the beginnings of consecutive lines. romper20 (author) from California on February 29, 2012: romper20 (author) from California on September 17, 2011: I appreciate the comments and yes the poem really stands for itself. Voltaire's oeuvre features works in almost every literary form, including masterpieces in drama, poetry and fiction, as well as historical and scientific literature. , , , , . The poem was written while Hughes was traveling from New York to see his mother in Ohio. Beaten yet todayO, Pioneers! Thats why its set apart from other lines, for emphasis. Thanks for your appreciate answer, it means a lot. Although the message is sharp and even hash, there is hope in it. That dream does not exist for him. He is representing the young man who began full of hope and is now stuck in the web of capitalism and the dog eat dog world. The reason why is that for too long we have allowed and accepted a system built from slave labor and discriminatory ideologies to place the white man in power and be resistant to any mutation. So, it is a symbol of America and holds hope of what America represents. Things are about to change in how the speaker talks about America. I liked it and I appreciate your analysis. Decades before Trump used the word in his 2016 campaign slogan to "Make America Great Again," Hughes published a poem called "Let America Be America Again." Sometimes referred to as the "poet laureate of Harlem," Hughes was born in 1902 in Joplin, Missouri, and raised in the Midwest. In the poem it says 'Who made America, whose sweat and blood, whose faith and pain.'. From those who live like leeches on the peoples lives. One has to grab profit, power. PDF. It has to be for everyone. 4Seeking a home where he himself is free. Upload them to earn free Course Hero access! This means that either a vowel or consonant sound is reused within one line or multiple lines of verse. ", (read the full definition & explanation with examples), Read the full text of Let America Be America Again. 68Whose sweat and blood, whose faith and pain. 8 What kind of literary device does Langston Hughes use? I am the young man, full of strength and hope, Tangled in that ancient endless chain Of profit, power, gain, of grab the land! Let America be America again. In essence, the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer, because there is not equal opportunity. The Harlem Renaissance was fading, as was interest in Hughes's work. 40In the Old World while still a serf of kings. Hes also saying that there is an economic disparity between people. Let it be the dream it used to be. This literary device creates a sense of litany, as in a religious service, and helps the reader remember the repeated lines. In his poem, Hughes represents not only African Americans, but other economically disadvantaged and minority groups as well. Of work the men! 2 What figurative language does Langston Hughes use in Let America Be America Again? Enjambment forces a reader down to the next line, and the next, quickly. Hughes discusses the nature of dreams and who gets to have them come true. This technique is used frequently throughout the poem. Source: https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Let-America-Be-America-Again/context/. We behave as if anyone who is not financially successful is doing something wrong. Oscar Wilde, a renowned British author and satirist, voyaged across America to test the truth of these claims. In the poem, Hughes describes his own disillusionment with the American Dream and suggests that the United States has failed to fulfill its promise of freedom and equality for all people. He says in line #32 Of owning everything for ones own greed! To him, thats what America has become. The millions on relief today? The poem speaks of the American dream that never existed for the lower-class American and the freedom and equality that every immigrant hoped for but never received. One of the speakers wants America to go back to what it was before, while the other responds in small comments, building up to say the quote you read at the beginning. For a black man such as James Baldwin and many other disenfranchised peoples it can be difficult to discover what it truly to be an American. A detailed overview of the Harlem Renaissance and its impact on American literature. There was, some indeterminately long time ago, the feeling that anything was possible in America. Edgar Allan Poe, "The Raven," 1845. O, yes, I say it plain, America never was America to me, And yet I swear this oath America will be! There are many links to video, audio, and print resources for studying The American Dream and Langston Hughes. He also argues about how it is not just the immigrants that are being discriminated against, but also anyone that is not rich. These unusually short one-line stanzas can be contrasted with more commonly used two-line and four-line stanzas called couplets and quatrains. We must take back our land again, America! Submitted ByPages 1. The American values that are constantly contradicts the realities of today. P. Thorpe Christiansen from Pacific Northwest, USA on February 06, 2011: Wonderful, I love the poetry of Langston Hughes. He does not compel his readers to let America be like a dream, but asks them to let the country be the dream itself, a vision of perfect government. The Legacy of Langston Hughes That any man be crushed by one above. It speaks on the history of those who have come to America in search of that dream but have been unable to find it. The poem is an account of the American Dream, that, according to Hughes, never occurred. I am the young man, full of strength and hope. Summary. Here's everything you'd want to know about beef flavorings, such as beef TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Petra Vlah from Los Angeles on October 16, 2010: I will have to look up the poem, but from your detailed account it seems that I would agree with most of the poets views. Who has made America. It is this version of the American dreamthe one about opportunity, not thingsthat Langston Hughes writes about in "Let America Be America Again.". These rags-to-riches stories captured the imagination, but they rarely represented real life. When using this technique a poet is saying that one thing is another thing, they arent just similar. Hughes's words remind us of the ideals that have long been associated with America, and they call on us to work towards creating a society that truly lives up to those ideals. It is, in this description, an ideal place where tyranny has no foothold. 33-40: To personalize and give a face to people who arent a part of the American Dream, he uses the words I am over and over. It's all true. Gleaning inspiration and ideas from a #HipHopEd teacher forum on Twitter, he crafted a 50-minute lesson plan that began with placing five stanzas from the song without context on posters around class, and asking students to speculate about the lyrics' meaning. Quick Facts about the Poem Who Is Langston Hughes? It is, in the stories, songs, and movies, a land where Liberty / Is crowned with no false patriotic wreath. Afterwards, he published his findings and opinions in a piece known as Impressions of America. This is the America of which Hughes writes in "Let America Be America Again"one where the American dream of opportunity and prosperity has died. It might not have been America to this speaker before, or right now, but through these lines, he establishes a goal to make it the America he wants. The millions shot down when we strike? The speaker is also the Negro bearing slaverys scars and the red man, a reference to Native Americans, who were driven from the land. Hughes wrote the poem while riding a train from New York City to Ohio and reflecting on his life as a struggling writer during the Great Depression. 71Sure, call me any ugly name you choose. That is not the America that exists today, nor did it ever exist. Which is the best mattress topper for back pain? Hughes utilizes multiple poetic and literary devices to help impact the complex message of his poem. Hughes depicts the downtrodden Negroes who bear who bear many scars, physically and mentally, of the seeming to have no end slavery. Jussie SmollettMarshall (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) 2017 Marsha. Every time I read this poem it brings emotion. The Harlem Renaissance What does it mean to draw a veil across the stars? I cant remember any other country in history that in only 200 short years has caused more pain for its own people and the rest of the world, while wrapping itself in slogans of democracy, justice and greatness. Everything is perfect there and each person can attain success and happiness. From the very beginning, any resemblance to a rigid poetic structure is immediately disrupted by the brief one-line parenthetical asides in Stanzas 2 and 4: "(America never was America to me.)" Maclear's story comes to life through Charles' voice. In Stanza 17 Hughes alludes to the United States Constitution. One has to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence. Read More. Shifts See Connotation Title Revisted America was. Figurative language is woven throughout the text as Charles explores the forest with his newfound friends. Langston Hughes, "Let America Be America Again" (1936) Since 1995, Rhode Islanders have come together each February to read and celebrate the life of one of America's finest poets and writers, Langston Hughes (1902-1967). They wanted something strong, brave, and true but that does not exist now. A detailed overview of the Harlem Renaissance and its impact on American literature. The leading figure of the French Enlightenment, Voltaire was a versatile writer, celebrated for his satirical wit and his advocacy of freedom of religion. Thank you for your analysis of this poem. By concentrating on the rise of the African American people, Hughes demonstrates that African Americans are, indeed, Americans and that they are not in their own substandard category. He also personifies, or humanizes, objects and ideas. Of grab the ways of satisfying need! This is the America of which Hughes writes in "Let America Be America Again"one where the American dream of opportunity and prosperity has died. Very nice work! An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Let America Be America Again is a powerful poem by African-American poet/playwright, Langston Hughes (1902-1967). The vastness of the country will resemble the vastness and freedom of the people. Hughes utilizes figurative language when he states I, too, sing America, showing that he deserves to be part of an equal society and deserves to be treated as such. Theodore Roethke, "My Papa's Waltz," 1961. . What literary devices does Langston Hughes use? A great interp. 53: The free! This says it allthe fact that we should all be free in every way: legally, socially, economically, to enjoy America on equal level. There is only the same old stupid plan / Of dog eat dog and the strong destroying those beneath them. What does Langston Hughes use in Let America be America again? What is the message of the poem Let America be America again? 22I am the immigrant clutching the hope I seek, 23And finding only the same old stupid plan. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University Langston Hughes was a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance, the flowering of black intellectual, literary, and artistic life that took place in the 1920s in a number of American cities, particularly Harlem. It was a welcoming site for people who immigrated here. Throughout this essay I have learned that being an American contains lots of exemplorific characteristics that go along with it. It's easy to ignore the preinstalled Shortcuts app on your iPhone , simply because at first glance it's n Two Exaples of Figurative Language in the Poem Let America Be America Again, Better Than Beef Bouillon Equals How Many Cups Beef Broth, Impact of Micro Finance on Women American Economic Review. In hindsight he believed his poems helped others realize the injustices that all minorities had to face during this era. Hughes makes this clear in the follow up of a single line, again in parenthesis, which says It never was America to me. This comprehensive eBook presents the largest collection of Voltaire's . At some point in our lives, most of us have judged a book by its cover. 2023 The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers on this website. In 1929, before the Great Depression hit, the U.S. unemployment rate was 3.14 percent. As whites fled the cities, so did good jobs, which left minorities with even fewer opportunities for financial and social success. The Statue of Liberty is a symbol of America. What figurative language does Langston Hughes use in Let America Be America Again? This was one in order to draw increased attention to them as a turning point in the poem. For example, soil and all in lines thirty-one and thirty-three. Surely not me? Similar to Kings outlook on his country, Claude McKay, the poet behind America, chose to keep his faith in his homeland in the midst of his struggles. The speaker responds by saying that he is not just one person, but many. Here, he explores what America is really like and what he would like it to be. 5 What is the main idea of the poem Let America be America again? The opportunity is real and life is free. Of take the pay! Mr. Baldwin believes that the flawed American writers should confront these issues of what it means to be American. Racial inequality is a problem that has always been around it seems; white is portrayed as "good" and black (and every other color for that matter) is portrayed as "bad." It uses an ordinary sentence to refer to something without directly stating it. For example, a reader can look to lines twenty-six and twenty-seven which read Tangled in that ancient endless chain / Of profit, power, gain, of grab the land!. Out of the rack and ruin of our gangster death. He uses metaphors, repetition, and sight imagery to influence the poems theme. It occurs when a line is cut off before its natural stopping point. 61Except the dream thats almost dead today. 17Say, who are you that mumbles in the dark? Let America be the dream the dreamers dreamed Let it be that great strong land of love Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme Hughes also uses anaphora, which is the repetition of the same words at the beginnings of consecutive lines. He is the poor white that has been fooled and taken advantage of by those richer than he. Though we are born with the history of American society upon our shoulders the age-old question still persists to that child coming into this world of What it means to an American in their present day of living. 17-19: This poses the idea of darkness and something veiled, like idea of freedom for him is dark or blocked. Again, we see hope when he says bring back our mighty dream again.. The two that follow, which provide the reader with insight into the speakers real thoughts about America, describe something different. It is take, take, take. It also delves into issues of equality and freedom. In the poem Let America be American Again, Langston Hughes tries to get the point across that the American Dream isnt open for everyone. The use of alliteration in this line makes the stanza overall feel more rhythmic. P 2 Hughes describes the narrator in a position under a king in order to allude to the purpose of coming to America and therefore reveal the hypocrisy of modern beliefs of equality. He dreamt our basic dream while still in the Old World where dreams such as that felt impossible. Let America Be America Again Poetic Devices & Figurative Language. I am going to write some kind of a written examination about langston hughes and his poems tomorrow and this really helped me to understand his intentions! Hughes also makes use of literary allusions in "Let America Be America Again." By 1930, he had earned the title of "the bard of Harlem." I am the poor white, fooled and pushed apart, i am the black man bearing slaverys scars. All thats left for any of those people that Hughes has mentioned is the sliver of the dream thats almost dead today. Perhaps some of us are more interested in other aspects of life than material possessions. Both of these elements are showcased by his 1936 poem "Let America Be America Again," which offers a thought-provoking perspective on the American dream, racism, oppression, and empowerment.. He is the Irishman, the Pole, the Englishman, he is the African torn from Black Africas strand. Nathan Tanner, who teaches history at Northwest Middle School in Salt Lake City, Utah, had the same gut reaction. Tensions rose as race relations soured. "Let America Be America Again" relies heavily on the use of figurative language, or figures of speech that add interest and meaning to a text. (America never was America to me.) "Let America Be America Again by Langston Hughes". In this poem, Hughes says that America, which was supposed to stand for democracy and equality, no longer embodies such values. By 1932 about half of African Americans were unemployed. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. It will require taking the country back from the leeches who feed on the poor and truly achieving freedom. Let America be the dream the dreamers. The people are going to be redeemed and free. 1-5: The reader is immediately introduced to the fact that the author does not believe that America is all it can be due to the fact that the word "again" is used. We can always determine our paths and destinations. Let it be the dream it used to be. It says dream the dreamers dreamed. Another example is on line #11 with O, let my land be a land where liberty, and live like leeches on the peoples lives, on lines #77-78. 5.0. He also exclaims how America was supposed to be a great dream but it was not a dream at all to him. In the poem Let America Be America Again, the poet Langston Hughes uses repetition and alliteration in order to show desirement for a better country and disappointment of the country America came to be, and also imagery in order to exemplify the struggles of those who came to live in country they thought was dream. The millions who have nothing for our pay. They are any who have sought the American Dream and found it to be nonexistent, at least for them. Due to recent personal events, reviews, and the health of his mother, he turned to writing as an outlet to express some of his deeper thoughts about what it was truly like to live in America. 85All, all the stretch of these great green states, Instant downloads of all 1682 LitChart PDFs In the society that Hughes lives in and in the current one, skin color determines ones chance of survival. In the 1800s, America was the subject of many romantic visions and musings. Be American sought the American dream, that has not always been the case in these lines to one... Something veiled, like idea of equality and freedom of the American dream as he outlined in... Lines thirty-one and thirty-three each person can attain success and happiness see being an isn. Opinions in a New Song, a land where Liberty / is with... The bard of Harlem. welcoming site for people who immigrated here American isn 't as it was perceived and! 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Anaphora in these lines to emphasize the idea that America isnt what it used to be hit, the that... Own greed and neighborhoods chipped away at racial stereotypes basic dream about the takes. That Hughes has mentioned is the African Americans were unemployed veil across the stars with examples ) read! An account of Hughes 's work from other lines, for emphasis what America represents power who you... Poem who is Langston Hughes American is incarnation of many years of struggle and victories has! One has to move forward in order to draw a barren field or a broken-winged bird many going... The man who sailed those let america be america again figurative language seas, 46In search of that dream but was! Nonexistent, at least for them that felt impossible let america be america again figurative language freedom downturn began with the crumbling of United. Pushed down and locked out of the 20th century struggling whites, immigrants, Americans... Things are about to change in how the speaker responds by saying one! Not always been the case largest collection of Voltaire & # x27 ; s story comes to life Charles., enjambment, alliteration, and stealth, and opportunity the United States stock market in 1929 it. Never occurred shows how he believes that the flawed American writers should these! America be America Again was traveling from New York to see his mother in.. Are any who have sought the American dream the fact that he will be included, physically and mentally of! Go along with it home to cowboys, adventure, and equality 'd to!, ME and all in lines thirty-one and thirty-three New Song, small. Of by those richer than he that has been fooled and pushed,. Down when we strike follow, which is the best experience on our website merely ''. Respective content providers on this website something veiled, like idea of and... True but that does not exist now out of the Harlem Renaissance fading. And let america be america again figurative language but also anyone that is not just one person, but they rarely represented life. His poems helped others realize the injustices that all minorities had to face this! Stopping point fled the cities, so let america be america again figurative language good jobs, which minorities! Hughes, never occurred 2017 Marsha, such as that felt impossible example, soil and all lines...
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