Dads, think twice about curfew: The Mutilation of Uranus by Cronus, by Vasari and Gherardi. Under the sudden burst of light, he saw the horrid form of the once beautiful and graceful Izanami-no-Mikoto. Singapore Grip Meaning, In Japanese mythology, Izanagi (), or Izanaki (), is a creator deity (kami). One of the most famous stories about Izanagi tells the tale of how he goes into Yomi, the Japanese underworld, to retrieve Izanami after she died giving birth to the Shint fire god, Kagutsuchi. Ea and the goddess Damkina created Marduk, a giant god with four eyes and four ears, as their protector. Izanagi decided to go there and bring his beloved back from the land of darkness and death. 1000 Pampers Points, This is the traditional explanation for the purification rituals often performed at Shinto shrines in Japanese religion, where shrine-goers wash themselves with water before entering the sacred space. Then, through the application of physical energy which forms the basis of Yang Release the shape has life breathed into it. As the spear was lifted back up, a drop fell from it, creating the island of Onogoro. What to do if you have a snake in your house? Established in their new home, Izanami and Izanagi decided it was time to start a family. He furiously replied he would give life to 1,500 residents. this was very helpful my hw is easy now lol. The grief-stricken Izanagi followed her there, but she had eaten the food of that place and could not leave. Like the various techniques used with the Sharingan, this technique is named after a Shint god. Izanagi then fathered the first great generation of kami, culminating in the birth of the fire god Kagutsuchi, who killed Izanami . He often wields Ame-no-nuboko, the heavenly jeweled spear with which he churned the primordial seas. Izanagi begged Izanami to return to the world with him, but she sadly replied that this was not possible as she had taken food while in Yomi. [Solved], He Defeated a God With One Kick Because He Was Bored, Danzo directly took Shisuis Mangekyou Sharingan and used Izanagi to cover it up, How Each Hokage Does in a Chronological Villain Gauntlet feat @ThunderGod, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qptMg0JWmFY. Izanami, (Japanese: He Who Invites and She Who Invites) in full Izanagi no Mikoto and Izanami no Mikoto, A horrified Izanagi fled, with a host of women and then, View complete answer on japanese-wiki-corpus.org, View complete answer on megamitensei.fandom.com, View complete answer on naruto.fandom.com, View complete answer on anime.stackexchange.com, View complete answer on konohalibrary.fandom.com, View complete answer on canadianstudies.isp.msu.edu. What does Izanagi do to bring death into the world? Cvc Nonsense Word Generator, Izanagi () or Izanaki () is a creator deity (kami) in Japanese mythology. Pullman 99164-5020. Frightened, Izanagi flees from Yomi and blocks the cave. Izanami screamed out that she would kill one thousand people a day in their created islands. Izanami is shown to be a creature closely tied to nature and natural processes; she gives birth much like any woman would, and when she dies, her body rots just like a human body. Izanagi means he who invites, while Izanami meansshe who invites. Izanagi and Izanami threw a jewelled spear into the sea, and the first land formed when the spear touched the water. Izanami screamed out that she would kill one thousand people a day in their created islands. Retrieved January 16, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/izanagi-and-izanami. Desperate with sorrow, Izanagi followed his love to the underworld and was appalled to see her corpse rotting away, infested by maggots. SarahLMaguire (author) from UK on April 29, 2011: Vinod from Hyderabad, India on April 29, 2011: Interesting!Thank you Sarah for introducing me to this bit of Japanese mythology. How Many Own Goals Has Pique Scored, Following this, Izanami brought forth the smaller outlying islands. Angry that Izanagi had not respected her wishes, Izanami sent hideous female spirits, eight thunder gods, and an army of fierce warriors to chase him. . However, the date of retrieval is often important. Confidence Fitness 2 In 1 Elliptical Computer Replacement, Izanagi and Izanami decided to make their home there and built a palace called the Eight Measure Palace. Izanagi bathed to purify himself after his ordeal in the Underworld and more deities arose from his discarded clothing. Egyptian The lighter parts (yang) rose to form the sky. [6], Because Uchiha only possess half of the Sage's chakra, they can only keep Izanagi active for a few seconds;[2] the exact amount of time depends on the user's power potential. [Solved] Izanagi fled and closed the door to the Underworld with a huge rock. SarahLMaguire (author) from UK on August 26, 2012: Thanks M&M, you're very welcome - it's great to know this hub was useful for your studies! SarahLMaguire (author) from UK on July 13, 2011: Can you give examples of incorrect details and also what sources you are basing this judgement on? He is the brother and husband of the underworld goddess Izanami along with being the father of Amaterasu, Tsukuyomi, Susanoo, and countless other gods. What does Izanagi do to bring death into the world? Earthrise Megatron Vs Siege Megatron, A dead bird doesn't necessarily portend physical death, but metaphorical death. Good luck! How is this theme different from /similar to the themes of Malakas at si Maganda and Adam and Eve? Izanagi and Izanami, in Japanese mythology, were a divine brother and sister who played a key role in the creation of Japans islands and from whom many important and elemental kami (gods) were born. They broke off their marriage. Izanagi responded by saying he would cause the birth of 1,500 people a day. Kami is the essence of spirit that can be present in all things. Full of desire for his wife, Izanagi lit a torch and looked into Yomi. ENLIL , the "wind god," was the principal god of the Sumerian pantheon and poliad god of Nippur, the religious center of the country. In due course, Izanami gave birth to a son, Hiruko, but the child was without limbs and boneless - a leech child. At first, Izanagi-no-Mikoto could not see her for the shadows hid her appearance. This article is about the jutsu. Tenrikyo, which grew out of Shinto, has its headquarters near . To purify himself from contact with the dead, Izanagi bathed in the sea. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. [1] To maximise Izanagi's duration, it is necessary to recreate the Sage's chakra by also having genetic material of the Sage's other descendants, the Senju. "Izanagi and Izanami "Encyclopedia of Shinto - Home: Kami in Classic Texts: Omodaru, Ayakashikone". what does izanagi do to accidentally bring death into the world? RAH or RAY Character Ove, Ra Lineage Aston, W. G., trans. I am actually making a google slide recounting some Japanese myths this was a big help. However, during the birth of Kagutsuchi, the fire god, Izanami was badly burned. 1,500,000), c.1,850 sq mi (4,790 sq km),, Izay, Victor 1923- (Vic Izay, Victor Sandor), https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/izanagi-and-izanami, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/izanagi-and-izanami, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/izanagi-and-izanami, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/izanagi-and-izanami. Pixie Cuts For Grey Hair Over 60, SarahLMaguire (author) from UK on July 18, 2016: Thanks, CYong. Genesis 1, Psalm 145, and the very last words of Jonah). Known Superhuman Powers: Izanami possesses the conventional physical attributes of the Kami or Japanese gods. Yo this helps persona 4 make more sense so thanks! Izanagi and Izanami descended onto the island, erected there a high pillar and a hall, then circled the pillar in opposite directions. The impurities of the underworld clung to Izanagi like a foul stench. Stories in which one-half of a romantic couple dies young and the other half attempts to retrieve the beloved from the underworld appear in several cultures. Izanagi and Izanami then created many gods and goddesses to represent the mountains, valleys, waterfalls, streams, winds, and other natural features of Japan. Abraham Quintanilla Sr Net Worth, Valspar Glitter is, Essential Oil In Toilet Tank You can pour 3 drops or more of your favorite essential oil into the toilet tank depending on how strong, The systems analyst will decide how the hardware, software, and network infrastructure, user interface, forms, and reports will be used during the SDLC analysis phase., Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. Izanagi was determined to get her back. (January 16, 2023). At Izanagis entreaty, however, she agreed to go and ask the resident kami if she could possibly go back with him. Here he saw a number of gigantic demons, some red some black, guarding the gates with watchful eyes. SarahLMaguire (author) from UK on January 05, 2015: Thanks, Sherwin! Valspar Paint Glitter gives your chosen Valspar product a subtle shimmer. Very well written hub. Users typically do this in order to protect themselves, negating any injuries they receive or even their deaths. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Ainu How To Fix A Hermle Clock, Does Rayleigh have advanced armament Haki? Benardrick Mckinney Wife, The couple gave the land they had brought into being the name of Oyashimakumi, meaning the Land of Eight Great Islands. Izanagi () or Izanaki () is a creator deity (kami) in Japanese mythology. They had six more islands and a plethora of deities. As Izanami died, further kami were born from her body. Encyclopedia.com. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Racing Dog Names, Ho-musubi, also called Kagu-tsuchi, or Hi-no-kami , in the Shint religion of Japan, a god of fire. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Atum removed his/her all-seeing eye and sent it in search of them. As he cleans his left eye, Amaterasu is born, as he cleans his right eye, Tsukuyomi is born, and as he cleans his nose, Susanoo is born. "Izanagi and Izanami Reprint, 2 vols. Worship of kami can also be done at small shrines in private homes (kamidana) or sacred, natural spaces (mori). Nationality/Culture If I have got something wrong, I would like to be able to rectify it. Izanami curses Izanagi saying that she will kill 1000 people per day. His body parts transformed into the world's elements, and the gods Agni, Vayu, and Indra. When he found Izanami in the pitch darkness, she agreed to ask the gods of the Underworld to release her, but meanwhile, Izanagi was not to look at her. U*X*L Encyclopedia of World Mythology. BuzzFeed As Is Something for . Laurene_Powell_Jobs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Lisa, the daughter of Steve, As Hank exits his disciplinary meeting, Gus Fring calls to inform him that Leonel and Marco Salamanca (Daniel and Luis Moncada) are about to kill, Valspar Paint Glitter gives your chosen Valspar product a subtle shimmer. Enraged, he cut off the head of Kagutsuchi, whose birth had killed his wife. Izanagi created three more deities as he washed his body, cleaning himself with water from his interactions with the dead. Another Word For Government, This only works if the server is offline. Klasmeyt kan Maam Serenado Lit2 on August 23, 2018: Themes are creation, love and devotion, life and death. Right before they reach the exit, Izanagi looks back and sees her in a decayed form. Do you put olive oil in your hair before or after washing it? Hope it helps! Creeping in through a back entrance, Izanagi found his wife, and there was a joyful reunion. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! Hiroshi Abe Wife Name, Required fields are marked *. . This was the Plain of High Heaven, in which materialized a deity called Ame-no-Minaka-Nushi-no-Mikoto (the Deity-of-the-August-Center-of-Heaven). Izanagi created three more deities as he washed his body, cleaning himself with water from his interactions with the dead. He asked her to return with him. Eventually they wished to be mated, so they built a pillar called Ame-no-mihashira (,"pillar of heaven"; the mi- is an honorific prefix) and around it they built a palace called Yahiro-dono (,one hiro is approximately 1.82 m, so the "eight-hiro-palace" would have been 14.56 m). Izanagi and Izanami then created many gods and goddesses to represent the mountains, valleys, waterfalls, streams, winds, and other natural features of Japan. Izanagi-no-Mikoto burst out of the entrance and pushed a boulder in the mouth of the Yomotsuhirasaka (; cavern that was the entrance of Yomi) to create a separation between the world of the living and the world of the dead, as well as separating Izanagi from Izanami.[12]. This is a web preview of the "The Handy Mythology Answer Book" app. Yomi was a bleak and dangerous world that was filled with oni, malevolent spirits. Re Poor Hiruko is sad enough without being left out of the myth altogether! What theme arises from the story of Izanami and Izagani? The Birth of Izanami and Izanagi Many gods were thus born in succession, and so they increased in number, but as long as the world remained in a chaotic state, there was nothing for them to do. Ic Markets Raw Spread Vs Standard Account, They had six more islands and a plethora of deities. Anthony Duignan-Cabrera & Tom X. Chao Every year on the Sunday nearest to November 15, parents take sons aged three and five and daughters aged three and seven to the local shrine to thank the gods for a healthy childhood and to ask for a fortunate and successful future. Appears In What exactly does Izanagi do to bring death into the world by accident? Helena Luke Age, The gods confirmed Izanagis suspicion that Izanami had done wrong in greeting her husband first. A number of gods and goddesses, both good and evil, emerged from his discarded clothing as Izanagi bathed. Beginning with three primal kami: Amenominakanushi, Takamimusubi and Kamimusubi, seven successive generations of gods and goddesses came into being, the seventh generation consisting of the male kami Izanagi (he who invites) and the female kami Izanami (she who invites). Izanami and Izanagi tried a second time, but, once again, their offspring was unsatisfactory. Linhai Utv Parts, That's been in every version I've read. Somewhat different versions of the creation myth are recorded in the other ancient Japanese chronicle, the Nihonshoki. Ben Wilkins Swansea, As she lay dying, she continued to create gods and goddesses, and still other deities emerged from the tears of the grief-stricken Izanagi. Susanoo married the girl he had rescued from the dragon, and together they produced many generations of gods. As a public charity, our programs benefit education, nutrition, food justice and local hunger projects. With a normal genjutsu, a user will apply an illusion to a target's senses, causing the target to experience things that are not real. Hesiod's Theogony, Ovid's Metamorphoses I am glad I can teach them about all of the different creation myths, from the unfamiliar stories of Izanagi and Izanami and Ask and Embla to the familiar myths of Adam and Eve. noun. He furiously replied he would give life to 1,500 residents. Wnba League Pass Login, U*X*L Encyclopedia of World Mythology. Nba Playgrounds 2 Manual, Izanagi and Izanami, (Japanese: He Who Invites and She Who Invites) in full Izanagi no Mikoto and Izanami no Mikoto, the central deities (kami) in the Japanese creation myth. Photographers Like Tim Walker, (Just how all-seeing it was, and what did Atum do without, remains a mystery.) After fighting off his pursuers, Izanagi managed to imprison Izanami in the House of the Dead by rolling up a huge rock to block the way. Having given birth to the land, Izanami began to give birth to the kami that would give it shape. ." Louis Saha Wife, In turn, she brought forth the kami of the sea, of the wind, of trees and mountains and other natural manifestations. In an act of grief and rage, Izanagi killed Kagutsuchi with his 'ten-grasp sword'. ." https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/izanagi-and-izanami, JOHN BOWKER "Izanagi and Izanami According to legend, after their birth Izanagi and Izanami stood on the floating bridge of heaven and stirred the primeval ocean with a jeweled spear. The soul is pure and free from the body. AstroServerSettings.ini should have a few fields already in it. What does Izanagi do, in addition, to bring death into the world by accident? She became angry when he lit a fire and saw her rotting and covered with maggots. We also promote disease prevention through diet, movement and active living. As he bathed, a number of deities came into being. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. . Thenceforth, Izanami became known as Yomotsu-o-kami, Goddess of the Dead. . Appears In Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Finally, the two deities stood face to face at the entrance of the underworld and agreed upon a divorce. Izanagi created three more deities as he washed his body, cleaning himself with water from his interactions with the dead. Izanami soon gave birth to eight lovely children, who became the islands of Japan. Before the formation of the world, when the land was formless like a jellyfish, the first deities came into being at Takamagahara, the High Plain of Heaven. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Izanagi managed to escape and blocked the pass between Yomi and the land of the living with a huge boulder. Kojiki. Izanami met him there, and they broke off their marriage. Matsumura Takeo. [10], While similar in many aspects, the version of the tale of Izanagi and Izanami in the Nihonshoki differs from the Kojiki version in that Izanagi does not descend into the Underworld (Yomi), instead residing permanently on the island of Awaji in a temple. These hastily-made people became the commoners, with the earlier ones being the nobles the first example of mass-production! This suggests a traditional Japanese view of women as creators of the natural or organic, and men as creators of the supernatural or cultural. Proud of these three noble children, Izanagi divided his kingdom among them. Izanagi was so angry at the death of his wife that he killed the newborn child, thereby creating dozens of deities. The Glyptodon Fossils And Living Armadillos That Darwin Observed, Her name is given in the Kojiki (ca. Thanks again. The innumerable recorded and researched cases of past life experiences clearly point to life after death.Various institutions have performed research about the afterlife, near death experiences, or about consciousness after death, finding proof that life continues after death. Izanami's error in speaking before her husband during their wedding ceremony was a violation of social order, and resulted in the birth of an unnatural baby. What does Izanagi do, in addition, to bring death into the world by accident? Learn Religions uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Izanagi bathed in the sea to purify himself from contact with the dead . [5] Because the Uchiha prized their Sharingan, to lose it in this way prompted them to label it kinjutsu. They came out from the various parts of the body,head, breast, stomach, hands, feet, and navel, and, to add to his astonishment, all of them were glaring fiercely at him. Ashamed, Izanami chased her husband out of Yomi. You helped me greatly with my homework! View complete answer on papertrell.com. Philippi, Donald L., trans. Her counterpart, brother, and former husband is Izanagi. Izanagi and Izanami descended to the island and became husband and wife. (January 16, 2023). In exchange for the brief control over reality that Izanagi grants them, the Sharingan that they perform it with becomes blind;[2] only awakening the Rinnegan restores the eye's vision. After his failed attempt to get Izanami, he washes himself in a stream. Compare the story of Izanagi's journey to the underworld with the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. Before she went, Izanami asked her husband to promise not to go right inside the mansion. Can you please send a plot of this story? Nationality/Culture How To Take Care Of A Ladybug With A Broken Wing, Izanagi managed to escape and blocked the pass between Yomi and the land of the living with a huge boulder. Tragedy struck, however, when, while giving birth to the fire kami, Izanami's genitals were so badly burned that she died. Sam And Tillie Walton, Izanagi is a genjutsu performed with the Sharingan. pop. As he cleaned his left eye, Amaterasu was born, as he cleaned his right eye, Tsukuyomi was born, and as he cleaned his nose, Susanoo was born. [9] Obito Uchiha, because he has control over the Senju cells he uses, is able to keep a single Izanagi active for significantly longer than Danz. I'd like to know that what was so special about the two that the elder kamis wanted them to bring creation and not those who came before them and why is their birth different from that of humans if kamis are of our image. What did Izanagi do after he killed his son. The transformation of Izanami from a creative force to a destructive one after her separation from Izanagi is an important theme, and mirrors female deities in other cultures who both give and take life. Driving Over Lemons Film, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Omamori are smaller, portable ofuda that provide safety and security for one person. I loved reading this story! Finally, they tried stirring the chaos with the point of the spear. what does izanagi do to accidentally bring death into the world? The sun goddess Amaterasu appeared from his left eye, the moon god Tsuki-yomi appeared from his right eye, and Susano- came from his nose. Encyclopedia.com. Thank You!! To see the full awards rules, click here. The Japanese name is Ame no Ukihashi. Susanowa, the god of the sea and storms, was born of the creators nose. Susanoo, in full Susanoo no Mikoto, also spelled Susanowo, (Japanese: Impetuous Male), in Japanese mythology, the storm god, younger brother of the sun goddess Amaterasu . It was decided that Izanagi should rule the living and Izanami the dead (a motif paralleling that of Tane and Hina in Polynesia). When they lifted the spear, the drops that fell back into the water formed the first solid land, an island called Onogoro. Their story is told in the 8th century CE Japanese compendium of mythology, the Kojiki. With Izanagi, the user applies an illusion to reality itself, giving the user control over what is and is not real for as long as Izanagi is active. Myths and Legends of the World. (January 16, 2023). Some things differ (or perhaps are described differently) by each writer, but the essential facts remain the same. Dear Shiyu, How far back does this Creation Myth go back? Get the App. How Old Is Jay Leno's Wife, Encyclopedia.com. [2] In the anime, users are shown extending Izanagi's influence beyond their personal reality, affecting their surroundings and those within it. Commander Ernest Krause Death, Topic Sentence About Penguins, hi-FES-tuhs :). Thanks so very much! Your email address will not be published. Profits Per Partner Meaning, Dedicated Server Update. JOHN BOWKER "Izanagi and Izanami IZANAGI AND IZANAMI , in Japanese mythology, are the universal parents and creators who produced the land, mountains, rivers, waves, trees, fields, wind, fog, and the deities ruling these things. Izanami and Izanagi created Japan when they stirred the ocean with. Your article was a great help to me! In response, Izanagi said he would see that 1500 were born each day. Standing on the Bridge of Heaven, they churned the ocean's water with a jeweled spear, then drew the spear up. How do I get my chickens to go in the coop at night? Do you think the similarities are coincidental, or could they represent themes common in many cultures? "Izanagi and Izanami With annotations by W. G. Aston. (January 16, 2023). ." Thank you so much for sharing this. Many millions of miles separated the earth from the Lower Regions and there were countless steep and dangerous places to be negotiated, but Izanagis indomitable determination to recover his wife enabled him finally to overcome all these difficulties. SarahLMaguire (author) from UK on May 19, 2014: Good :) I'm happy to know it was helpful. Sorry I can't be of more help. The couple performed another wedding ceremony, this time correctly. Featherlite Wedge Trailer, Izanagi was so enraged by his wife's death that he killed the newborn child and created dozens of deities as a result. Vulcan (Roman) Naruto discord: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=73709846 outro song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qptMg0JWmFY… What Does A Yellow Card Mean For A Coach? Proud of these three noble children, Izanagi divided his kingdom among them. 4 Planes Flying Together Today 2020, How do you make a traditional house exterior look modern? . According to legend, the first gods ordered the divine beings Izanagi and Izanami to create the islands of Japan. [2][3][4] The literal translation of Izanag and Izanam are 'Male-who-invites' and 'Female-who-invites'. Because members of the Uchiha clan previously abused the use of Izanagi. The core belief at the heart of Shinto is in kami: formless spirits that animate anything of greatness. We just started doin Japanese History and we were told to do a summary of the Legend. It's good to know this hub averted your teacher's wrath! This is why although people die, more are always born. As he bathed, a number of deities came into being. Izanami screamed out that she would kill one thousand people a day in their created islands. How did Obito get his eye back after using Izanagi? I have already eaten of the furnace of Hades. . From his purified eyes and nose appeared three great deities: Amaterasu (the sun goddess), Tsukiyomi (the moon god), and Susano-o (the violent god). Your article was very helpful in writing an essay recently. In Yomi, he manages to get Izanami and they both try to leave, however, Izanagi was not supposed to look at her before they escape. Diferencia Entre Gacela Y Venado, Unrolling the paper releases the fortune. These two latter deities subsequently gave birth to eight other gods. What does Izanagi do to bring death into the world? Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. U*X*L Encyclopedia of World Mythology. They had six more islands and a plethora of deities. Joni Mitchell Chords California, When they lifted the spear, the drops that fell back into the water formed the first solid land, an island called Onogoro (pronounced oh-NOH-goh-roh). Tenrikyo, which grew out of Shinto, has its headquarters near Izanami and Izanagi created Japan when they stirred the ocean with. Do you know what myth and folklore are very popular in Japan. Their first-born proved to be the sea-god, Owatatsumi-no-Kami. The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers to this website may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. What Bacteria Smells Like Fish, [13] While he bathed, Izanagi gave birth to the sun goddess, Amaterasu, from his left eye, the moon god, Tsukuyomi, from his right eye, and the storm god, Susanoo, from his nose. We seek to nourish and grow the community and the world in which we want to live. When they met, they were united, and thus the islands of Japan were born. hello is there another different versain of this story. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. There are different types of prayers and offerings. 16 Jan. 2023
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