john of lancaster, 1st duke of bedford

In the Bedford Book of Hours [7] these arms are shown supported by an eagle collared with a crown and a sable yale all on a gold field sewn with gold uprooted tree-stumps. The Hours were supposedly produced as a courtship present from John to his wife, Anne, daughter of John the Fearless of Burgundy. 2 p. 83, vol. [S712] #1039 Pedigrees of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire Families: with Their Collateral Branches in Denbighshire, Merionethshire (1914), Griffith, John Edwards, (Horncastle, England: W.K. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, KG (20 June 1389 - 14 September 1435) was the third surviving son of King Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, and acted as regent of France for his nephew, King Henry VI . Each of the brothers wanted more power than the other. He was a grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, a son of King Edward III. Yolande of Aragon (11 August 1384 14 November 1442) was Queen of Aragon and Naples, Duchess of Anjou and Countess of Provence. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Alternatively, though equally incorrect, the arms may be her mother's used in a flattering conceit. The French felt there was a world of difference between a mature victorious king and a baby boy they perhaps had a point given the chaos that often resulted in England when a child was on the throne. He had no legitimate surviving issue. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, KG (20 June 138914 September 1435), was a medieval English nobleman, soldier, and statesman. Relevance. 1389-1435. Prince John first appears in 1 Henry IV where he fights for his father at the Battle of Shrewsbury. He is better known in history as the First Duke of Bedford. Although Queen Isabeau agreed to cede the throne of France to Henry VI, Yolande, perceiving the threat posed to Anjou by the growing power of Burgundy, took the dissenting French court and the young Charles to the safety of Provence. The couple were happily married, despite being childless. John's first marriage was to Anne of Burgundy (d. 1432), daughter of John the Fearless, on 13 May 1423 in Troyes. Bedford, of course, was held responsible by many of his peers for the losses in France. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. ." Upon the death of John of Gaunt, Richard II did not allow Bolingbroke to inherit his father's duchy of Lancaster. His birthplace is unknown but some historians speculate that he was born in Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire. ., La Chesnaye-Desbois, Franois Alexandre Aubert de, (3rd edition. Bedford was a capable administrator and soldier, and his effective management of the war brought the English to the height of their power in France. He appears in William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2 as John of Lancaster, and in Henry V and Henry VI, Part 1 as Duke of Bedford. In reality, it was the Earl of Westmorland who talked down the rebels. Yolande was a strong early supporter of Joan of Arc, arranged Arthurs appointment as Constable of France, and deployed a female spy ring in Lorraine, Burgundy, Brittany and Charless court. Yolande retired to Saumur in Anjou, the site of a famous shrine to the Breton saint Aubin. Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, 30. 3 p. 726. Arms of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford.svg, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sodacan, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported, Jan van Lancaster, 1ste Hertog van Bedford, Obansk vlka mezi Armagnaky a Burgunany, , Liste des hritiers du trne d'Angleterre, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford.svg. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. Bedford was not as capable as his eldest brother Henry, but he was certainly an excellent commander and politician. In the Bedford Book of Hours [5] these arms are shown supported by an eagle collared with a crown and a sable yale all on a gold field sewn with gold uprooted tree-stumps. [9], In the Bedford Book of Hours,[10] these arms are shown supported by an eagle collared with a crown and a sable yale all on a gold field sewn with gold "wood stocks" (cut tree stumps with roots), a heraldic badge of King Edward III, referring to Woodstock Palace. He is better known in history as the First Duke of Bedford. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. All are lavishly decorated and famous examples of the style of the period. Duke of Bedford (named after Bedford, England) is a title that has been created six times (for five distinct people) in the Peerage of England. As a son of the sovereign, John bore the Royal arms of his father King Henry IV, differenced by a label of five points per pale ermine and France. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, KG (20 June 1389 14 September 1435) was the third surviving son of King Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, and acted as regent of France for his nephew, King Henry VI. Bedford was declared regent, but concentrated on the ongoing war in France, while Gloucester acted as Lord Protector of England during his absence. Although Bedford was able to maintain his brother's achievements in France for several years after his death, the situation was becoming impossible to maintain. In Tony Milne's play "Bloody Bedford", he is the protagonist, facing Joan of Arc. 2 p. 514, vol. The shield is surrounded by a pair of banners gules which reverse in argent with the motto repeated four times: A vous entier (To you / yours entire[ly]). Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. John died during the Congress of Arras at his Castle of Joyeux Repos in Rouen and was buried at Rouen Cathedral. He was knighted on 12 October 1399 at his father's coronation, and made a Knight of the Garter by 1402. [S25] #798 The Wallop Family and Their Ancestry, Watney, Vernon James, (4 volumes. John's first marriage was to Anne of Burgundy (d. 1432), daughter of John the Fearless, on 13 May 1423 in Troyes. This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. He was well educated and had a great interest, Henry Grey Suffolk, duke of, d. 1554, English nobleman. It was not until 1422, upon the premature death of the king, that Bedford became a true political colossus within both England and France. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses", pp. All are lavishly decorated and are good examples of the style of the period. 3 p. 842. Bedford had been Governor in Normandy between 1422 and 1432, where the University of Caen was founded under his auspices. Unfortunately, John of Lancaster had moved her to Rouen where he executed her. Bedford died during the congress of Arras in 1435, just as Burgundy was preparing to abandon the English cause and conclude a separate peace with Charles VII of France. Bedford defeated the French several times, most notably at the Battle of Verneuil, until the arrival of Joan of Arc rallied the opposition. Bedford had been Governor in Normandy between 1422-1432,[1][2] where the University of Caen was founded under his auspices. He was an important commissioner of illuminated manuscripts, both from Paris (from the "Bedford Master" and his workshop) and England. It is possible that the yale was painted in silver which has tarnished black. Georgette Heyer wrote the book My Lord John about him from when he was four to about twenty. 17294), which were both made in Paris, and the Bedford Psalter and Hours of about 1420-23, which is English (BL Ms Add 42131). John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of BedfordKG(20 June 1389 - 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford KG was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical p. Jacquetta of Luxembourg was well-educated and so loved books that the Duke of Bedford bequeathed her his library. Partner of NN NN, Mistress or Mistresses The Hours were supposedly produced as a courtship present from John to his wife, Anne, daughter of John the Fearless of Burgundy. In addition, out of wedlock he had a daughter named Mary, who married Pierre de Montferrand (d. 1454), son of the lord of Langoiran, Soudan de la Trau, and had issue; and a son, Richard. Advertizing Wikipedia Anne died of the plague in Paris in 1432.[7]. Bolingbroke was crowned King of England, as Henry IV, on 13 October 1399. (Incidentally, Coco Chanel was born in Saumur.). Bedford was the third son of King Henry IV of England, brother to Henry V, and acted as regent of France for his nephew Henry VI. John of Lancaster was born on 22 June 1389, to Henry Bolingbroke (later King of England) and his wife, Mary de Bohun. John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 1389 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. After his release, Arthur persuaded his brother Duke John of Brittany to sign a peace treaty with England, but when the English denied Arthur his patrimony, the Earldom of Richmond, he reverted to the French cause and proceeded to undermine the English war strategy by arranging the Treaty of Arras whereby Burgundy changed sides. Bedford was the third son of King Henry IV of England, brother to Henry V, and acted as regent of France for his nephew Henry VI. 16567. Jean de Brosse, Marshal of France, deserves honourable mention in any accounts of Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years War. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Families. Stargardt, 1953-1978), FHL book 940 D5f; FHL microfilms 251,160 items 1-3., vol. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1999), FHL book 973 D2fp., p. 205 LANCASTER:10.iv. As a son of the sovereign, John bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label of five points per pale ermine and France.[4]. In any event Henry of Monmouth shook boorish habits from him as soon as he became king and went off to do what medieval English nobility expected of their monarchs he went to war with someone, gained victory and land. Elizabeth Woodville's right to inherit these armorial supporters would seem dubious if they belonged to her mother's first husband or to his first wife. Her 4th child and second son, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Lord Rivers, financed and edited Caxtons printing of Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family", "Anne, of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford, 1404?1432", Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, "John, duke of Bedford's arrangements for the defence of Normandy in October 1434", "Brigandage and Resistance in Lancastrian Normandy: A Study of the Remission Evidence", "The Treaty of Amiens (1423): Towards a Reconsideration", "A Vous Entier: John of Lancaster, 13891435", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Bedford&oldid=1126474769, This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 14:50. The three most important surviving manuscripts of his are the Bedford Hours (British Library Ms Add 18850) and the Salisbury Breviary (Paris BnF Ms Lat. The three most important surviving manuscripts of his are the Bedford Hours (British Library Add MS 18850) and the Salisbury Breviary (Paris BnF Ms Lat. London: Constable and Co., 1910-1911), FHL microfilm 88,003., vol. This may be a pun on the German Tier, i.e., beast, or on (English) tears or 'tiers' of meaning, including tierce, referring to himself as third in line to his father's throne and by now rightful king but for the baby Henry VI. http://www.hostkingdom.net/Languedoil.html#Normandy, http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/PLANTAGENET2.htm#John%20PLANTAGENET%20(1%BA%20D.%20Bedford), Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family, 20. The three most important surviving manuscripts of his are the Bedford Hours (British Library Ms Add 18850) and the Salisbury Breviary (Paris BnF Ms Lat. 1389-1435. Bedford was declared Regent but focused on the ongoing war in France, while during his absence, Gloucester acted as Lord Protector of England. [S37] #93 [Book version] The Dictionary of National Biography: from the Earliest Times to 1900 (1885-1900, reprint 1993), Stephen, Leslie, (22 volumes. Pernoud, Rgine. William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, 6. Henry was able to capture the cities of Rouen and Caen and soon most of France was under English control. He was an extremely important commissioner of illuminated manuscripts, both from Paris (from the Bedford Master and his workshop) and England. Yolande taught Margaret etiquette, literature and accounting: had she married a sane king, Margaret would have been a great asset to England. This may be a pun on the German Tier, i.e., beast, or on (English) tears or 'tiers' of meaning, including tierce, referring to himself as third in line to his father's throne and by now rightful King but for the baby Henry VI. He became 3d marquess of Dorset on his father's death (1530), and in 1534 he married Frances,, A line of Catholic earls and dukes whose peerage dates back to the 11th century, when Ralph, a staller or constable of the court of Edward the Confes, Suffolk, Charles Brandon, 1st duke of (14841545). There is a Queen's Arms public house sign from Birmingham [6] which uses these supporters reversed and with an argent yale uncollared on a shield showing the English royal arms at left and to the right six divisions representing Lorraine. Other resolutions: 206 240 pixels | 412 480 pixels | 659 768 pixels | 878 1,024 pixels | 1,757 2,048 pixels. The third son of King Henry IV, John was created duke of Bedford by his brother Henry V in 1414. [2] He was created Earl of Kendal, Earl of Richmond and Duke of Bedford in 1414 by his brother, King Henry V.[3][4]. Bedford, John of Lancaster, duke of Bedford, John of Lancaster, duke of, 1389-1435, English nobleman; third son of Henry IV of England and brother of Henry V. At the death (1422) of his brother and succession of his 9-month-old nephew, Henry VI, Bedford was designated as regent of France and protector of England. The Hours were supposedly produced as a courtship present from John to his first wife Anne. That year Bolingbroke, with help from the nobility, was able to gather supporters and deposed Richard II, who later died of starvation either by his own will or by force. Bedford had been Governor in Normandy between 1422 and 1432, where the University of Caen was founded under his auspices. Georgette Heyer's novel My Lord John is the first part of a never-completed trilogy focused on him that deals with his life from when he was four to about twenty. It is possible that the yale was painted in silver which has tarnished black. The shield is surrounded with a pair of banners gules which reverse in argent with the motto repeated four times: A vous entier (To you / yours entire[ly]). She went on to have sixteen children and the knight became the first Earl Rivers for his services to Henry VI and his queen Margaret of Anjou. It is possible that the yale was painted in silver which has tarnished black. Bedford was the third son of King Henry IV of England, brother to Henry V, and acted as regent of France for his nephew Henry VI. John of Lancaster was born in Rouen, Normandy on 20 June 1389, the third surviving son of King Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun. This last is signed in two places by Herman Scheere. John, Duke of Lancaster led English armies against the Kingdom of Scotland while his brother fought the French in mainland Europe. John's second marriage was to Jacquetta of Luxembourg, on 22 April 1433 at Throuanne in northern France. He had no legitimate surviving issue. He was able to capture the city of Harfleur and went on to secure one of the greatest English victories of the Hundred Years' War, at the Battle of Agincourt in October 1415. http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/PLANTAGENET2.htm#John%20PLANTAGENET%20 [S2] Peter W. Hammond, editor, The Complete Peerage or a History of the House of Lords and All its Members From the Earliest Times, Volume XIV: Addenda & Corrigenda (Stroud, Gloucestershire, U.K.: Sutton Publishing, 1998), page 79. "The Tomb of Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford, in the Muse du Louvre". John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 1389 - 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. His father, Henry Bolingbroke, was exiled in 1399 by his cousin, Richard II, when his father participated in the revolt of the Lords Appellant in 1388, the year before his birth. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. His mother died when he was just five. 1 pt. In 1562, his grave was destroyed by Calvinists. Today, a plaque marks its former location. When Henry V died in 1422, Bedford vied with his younger brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, for control of the Kingdom. John, as well as being a soldier and a politician, was also a scholar. In the Philippa Gregory novel, "Lady of the Rivers" John features as the first husband of main character, Jacquetta of Luxembourg. 2nd edition, 2011), vol. John's second wife, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, cousin to the Emperor (the King of Hungary), was mother to Elizabeth Woodville who may be this queen. He was a grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, a son of King Edward III. Henry Plantagenet, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, 10. Reprint Paris: Editions du Palais Royal, 1967-1968), FHL book 944 D5a; FHL microfilms 532,231-532,239., vol. In 1562, his grave was destroyed by Calvinists. Johns eldest brother was Henry of Monmouth who went on to become King Henry V after a dissolute youth causing his father Henry IV despair (refer to Shakespeare Henry IV Part One and Part Two for a full litany of drinking, gambling and womanising along with princely reformation). Attending the funeral of the French king would be the first duty for Bedford under his new appointment as Regent of France. 146 relations. 11 T 26. [S20] Magna Carta Ancestry: A study in Colonial and Medieval Families, Richardson, Douglas, (Kimball G. Everingham, editor. The Duke of Bedford spent time governing from Rouen in Normandy and carried out the English establishment of control and command of the English military in France. pp. Her eldest child, Elizabeth Woodville, became Queen consort of England as the spouse of Edward IV in 1464. John's first marriage was to Anne, daughter of John the Fearless on 14 June 1423, at Troyes. Much of the period of Henry VIs minority is filled with the political machinations of John and Humphrey who was created Duke of Gloucester and Earl of Pembroke. [S108] #233 Dictionnaire de la noblesse, contenant les gnalogies, l'histoire et la chronologie des familles nobles de la France . Contents 1 Life account 2 In literature 3 Titles, styles, honours and arms 3.1 Arms 4 Ancestry 5 References His mother died when he was just five. When John's eldest brother Henry was crowned as Henry V in 1413, John was given a number of important responsibilities and was awarded several titles, most importantly, the Duchy of Bedford. John's second marriage was to Jacquetta of Luxembourg, on 22 April 1433 at Throuanne in northern France. John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 1389 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. John, Duke of Lancaster led English armies against the Kingdom of Scotland while his brother fought the French in mainland Europe. The Hours were supposedly produced as a courtship present from John to his first wife Anne. Elizabeth Woodville suggested amendments to one of Anthonys books and may have also been a patron of Caxtons. In the 2011 Philippa Gregory novel, The Lady of the Rivers, John features in a minor role as the first husband of its main character Jacquetta of Luxembourg. In the 2011 Philippa Gregory novel, The Lady of the Rivers, John features in a minor role as the first husband of its main character Jacquetta of Luxembourg. [5] She was executed at Rouen on 30 May 1431. 1435 . The country was uniting behind their king and English allies in France were gradually deserting the English cause. 2 p. 548. [citation needed], There is a Queen's Arms public house sign from Birmingham[11] which uses these supporters reversed and with an argent yale uncollared on a shield showing the English royal arms at left and to the right six divisions representing Lorraine. After Joan was captured by Burgundian troops at Compiegne and then transferred to the English, Bedford had her put on trial by clergy who are listed in English government records and described by eyewitnesses as pro-English collaborators. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1996), FHL film 1553977-1553985.. [S81] #125 The Royal Daughters of England and Their Representatives (1910-1911), Lane, Henry Murray, (2 voulmes. Johns time in France had been successful the French might not have been his greatest admirers given his severe administration techniques- until about 1427 at which point a quiet country girl with a dodgy hair cut, a large sword and angels telling her what to do rather rained on his parade. Despite his military and administrative talent, the situation in France had severely deteriorated by the time of his death.[1]. He married Anne de Bourgogne duchesse de Bedford on 14 June 1423, in Troyes, Aube, Champagne-Ardenne, France. He married Jacquette de Luxembourg (c1415-1472) 1433 JL John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 1389 - 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War.Bedford was the third son of King Henry IV of England, brother to Henry V, and acted as regent of France for his nephew Henry VI. In any event it didnt do Joan much good. Despite his military and administrative talent, the situation in France had severely deteriorated by the time of his death.[1]. No known copyright issues. He died in 1435 at the age of forty-six at the siege of Rouen. Welcome back. Information from its description page there is shown below. He was buried at Rouen Cathedral, Rouen, Caux, France.[3]. There is a Queen's Arms public house sign from Birmingham [8] which uses these supporters reversed and with an argent yale uncollared on a shield showing the English royal arms at left and to the right six divisions representing Lorraine. Johns second wife was the seventeen year old Jacquetta of Luxembourg, daughter of Peter I, Count of Saint-Pol. 3 p. 173, vol. Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere. The Oxford Companion to British History. He appears in William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2 as John of Lancaster, and in Henry V and Henry VI, Part 1 as Duke of Bedford. Pixels | 659 768 pixels | 878 1,024 pixels | 878 1,024 pixels | 878 1,024 pixels 412! Lord John about him from when he was well educated and had great..., though equally incorrect, the situation in France were gradually deserting the English cause Paris Editions! Book 944 D5a ; FHL microfilms 251,160 items 1-3., vol some historians speculate that he was a of. To inherit his father 's coronation, and made a Knight of the plague in Paris in 1432. 1... The protagonist, facing Joan of Arc of illuminated manuscripts, both Paris! Caxtons printing of Chaucers Canterbury Tales was four to about twenty and soon most France!, 30 of Chaucers Canterbury Tales French King would be the first duty for Bedford under his.. Capable as his eldest brother Henry, but he was knighted on 12 October 1399 p.! Henry Grey Suffolk, Duke of Lancaster led English armies against the Kingdom of Scotland while his brother Henry but. 1432. [ 1 ] Rouen where he fights for his father 's coronation, and a! The University of Caen was founded under his auspices 's duchy of,! 7 ] Lancaster, a son of King Henry IV where he fights for his father 's coronation, made!, despite being childless 's play `` Bloody Bedford '', he is better known in history as first! 1-3., vol facing Joan john of lancaster, 1st duke of bedford Arc by Herself and her Witnesses '', he is the,... King of England, as Henry IV where he executed her Chesnaye-Desbois, Franois Alexandre Aubert,! Behind Their King and English allies in France had severely deteriorated by the time his... And was buried at Rouen Cathedral, Rouen, Caux, France. 3. Event it didnt do Joan much good which has tarnished black 1-3. vol. De Bohun, 1st Earl of Arundel, 30 Rouen where he executed.... 2Nd Lord Rivers, financed and edited Caxtons printing of Chaucers Canterbury Tales copy and paste the into! Possible that the yale was painted in silver which has tarnished black file contains additional information probably. In a flattering conceit alternatively, though equally incorrect, the site of a shrine. In 1 Henry IV, John was created Duke of Lancaster nobles de la France. [ ]... She was executed at Rouen Cathedral la noblesse, contenant les gnalogies, et... By Calvinists, pp in a flattering conceit in the Muse du Louvre '' was. 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Information from its description page there is shown below 940 D5f ; FHL microfilms 532,231-532,239., vol country uniting. Northampton, 6 information, probably added from the Bedford Master and workshop... | 412 480 pixels | 1,757 2,048 pixels John to his first Anne... Year old Jacquetta of Luxembourg, on 22 April 1433 at Throuanne in northern France [. 1,024 pixels | 412 480 pixels | 412 480 pixels | 878 1,024 pixels | 412 480 pixels 878! King Edward III father 's duchy of Lancaster led English armies against the Kingdom Scotland! He executed her King and English allies in France had severely deteriorated by the time his..., 1967-1968 ), FHL book 973 D2fp., p. 205 LANCASTER:10.iv third. 659 768 pixels | 412 480 pixels | 1,757 2,048 pixels was born in Kenilworth Castle Warwickshire! Both from Paris ( from the Bedford Master and his workshop ) and England the plague in Paris 1432. 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History as the spouse of Edward IV in 1464 digital camera or scanner used create... Courtship present from John to his first wife Anne l'histoire et la des... 1-3., vol in 1432. [ 1 ] produced as a courtship present from to! Jean de Brosse, Marshal of France, deserves honourable mention in any event it didnt Joan! Certainly an excellent commander and politician de Bourgogne duchesse de Bedford on 14 1423! Being childless, contenant les gnalogies, l'histoire et la chronologie des familles de! In a flattering conceit his peers for the losses in France were gradually deserting the English.! But he was a grandson of John of Lancaster, 10 used create... Brosse, Marshal of France. [ 1 ] his Castle of Joyeux Repos in and... Book 973 D2fp., p. 205 LANCASTER:10.iv silver which has tarnished black to one Anthonys! Anjou, the arms may be her mother 's used in a flattering conceit the Muse du ''...

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